Decennial Census A Base for Community Analysis Grace York University of Michigan October 2003

 Survey of the United States population every 10 years  Mandated by Constitution  Purpose: reapportionment of 435 seats in the House of Representatives Census History

 Total population, race, sex in 1790  Feeble-minded in  Income first asked in 1940  Televisions surveyed,  Detailed ancestry beginning 1980  Multiple races and grandparents as caregivers in 2000 Census Questions Vary Over Time

 Reflects changes in society  In 1990 and 2000 Congress wanted to reduce paperwork  Grid of questions, Census Questions Vary Over Time

 Public health professionals identify vulnerable populations for chronic disease  Urban planners identify zoning, housing, sewage, and transportation issues  Social workers conduct needs assessments for services to the elderly, poor, children Practical Applications for Census Data

 Marketers target likely buyers  Politicians use the census to determine voting districts and to assess constituent interests  Environmentalists map the spread of toxic effluents and population densities Practical Applications for Census Data

 Occupation by age, race, and sex for equal employment opportunity  Librarians base collection development policy on community characteristcs  Mayors use numbers to apply for federal grants.  Undercount costs money – the reason for lawsuits  Racial minorities and undocumented aliens  Should missionaries be counted as U.S. residents Practical Applications for Census Data

Outline of Presentation b Census Questionnaire b Census Geography b Reference Maps b Census Data b Thematic Mapping b Historic Data

Reference Tools Census Toolkit Historic Census Questions

2000 Questionnaires 100% and Sample 100% Questionnaire b b Age b b Sex b b Race (Multiple) b b Hispanic origin b b Household relationship b b Occupied v. vacant housing units b b Owner v. renter occupied housing

Primary Uses of Short Form Data b b Race and sex for single years of age to 99; three groups after 100 b b Most detail by race (250 groups total)

Race Groups in 2000 b White b Black or African-American b American Indian or Alaskan Native b Asian b Hawaiian or Pacific Islander b Other b Two or More Races (Based on Self-Identification)

Individual Races b b Some files break the 6 racial groups into 250 specific categories b b Includes Chippewa Indians, Hmong, Pakistanis b b Israelis, Arabs, Iranians and Afghanis are considered as white (broken out as ancestry in sample data) b b Racial definitions appear at: sf3td/sf3tdg7.pdf

Hispanic Not considered a race Can be Hispanic and any race Breakdowns in some tables Cuban Puerto Rican Mexican Spanish Various Latin American Countries

Calculating Minorities Subtract White Non-Hispanic from White Alone to get White Hispanic; then add WH and WNH to other races OR Subtract White, Non-Hispanic from total population to get total minority population Total Michigan 9, White Non-Hispanic -7,806,691 Minority = 2,131,753

New Race Category in 2000 Respondents could choose up to SIX racial backgrounds Typical mixed race is 2-3% of population Race data not necessarily comparable with previous censuses

Household Relationships Relationship to Householder b b Spouse b b Child b b Stepchild b b Grandchild b b Brother/Sister b b Parent b b Non-relative b b Unmarried partner is separate category

Group Quarters b College dorms b Prisons b Mental hospitals b Shelters for abused spouses b Military barracks b Nursing homes

100% Questionnaire Data Reports Pre-Tabulated Data b b Summary File 1 – most age, race, sex data to the smallest geographies, block and block group b b Summary File 2 – same data by 250 races to neighborhood (tract) level

2000 Sample Questionnaire 2000 Sample Questionnaire (generally 1/6 of population) b Marital status, housing value and rent (100% in 1990) b Grandparents as caregivers (new) b Ancestry b Language b Country of origin b School enrollment and educational attainment (and dropouts)

2000 Sample Questionnaire b Employment b Industry and occupation b Transportation to and place of work b Disability and mental illness b Veteran status b Income and poverty

Sample Data Products Sample Data Products Pre-Tabulated Data b b Summary File 3 – socio-economic and housing characteristics to census tract or block group level b b Summary File 4 – same data as Summary File 3 for 210 racial and 125 ethnic groups to tract level

Public Use Microdata Samples (not on Factfinder) Samples of the samples at 1% and 5% levels Create your own tables using raw data For 2000 currently requires statistical package such as SAS, SPSS, STATA Larger geographies: states, metro-areas, PUMAS and super PUMAS (contact JoAnn Dionne - - about access and alternative software programs)

Special Tabulations (not on Factfinder) School District Data File (Available) Sample data for children, parents and families with school-age children for school districts Equal Employment Opportunity File (Fall 2003) Sex and race for 472 occupational groups for places of 50,000+

Special Tabulations (not on Factfinder) Census Transportation Planning (In Progress) Commuting and place of work data for counties, minor civil divisions, and traffic analysis zones ting.html rkerflow.html ting.html rkerflow.html Special Tabulation on Aging (2004) Sample data cross-tabulated by age for people 55+ for places of 2500+

Importance of 100% and Sample Surveys Importance of 100% and Sample Surveys b b 100% and sample data on the same subject (e.g. race, age, total pop, housing) don’t always match Ann Arbor 100% = 114,024; Sample = 114,110 If one variable comes from sample data, try to get all variables from sample data b b Only 100% data used at block level Sample data to only to tract or block group level b b Larger the area, the more detailed the subject variables

Census Geography Legal Areas b b Nation b b State b b Counties b b Cities b b Townships b b Congressional Districts b b School Districts

Census Geography Census-Designated Areas b b Metropolitan Statistical Area b b Urbanized Area and Urban Cluster b b Census Tract b b Block Group b b Block b b Zip Code Tabulation Area b b PUMAS/Super-PUMAS b b Traffic Analysis Zones

Census Geography Map

Urban Areas bUrbanized = Densely settled area, 50,000+ bUrban Cluster = Densely settled area, ,000; can be outside metro area South Central Michigan has a surprising number of urban clusters

Metropolitan Statistical Area Central city of 50,000 or more Its own county, and Surrounding counties with heavy commuting patterns

Metropolitan Area Definitions b Metropolitan Statistical Area - stand- alone metro area b Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area - metro area which is component of larger metropolitan area b Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area - two or more contiguous metropolitan areas

Detroit Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area Detroit Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area 1990 Lapeer Livingston Detroit PMSA Macomb Monroe Oakland St. Clair Wayne Ann Arbor PMSA Washtenaw 2000 Lapeer Macomb Detroit PMSA Monroe Oakland St. Clair Wayne Lenawee Ann Arbor PMSA Livingston Washtenaw Flint PMSA Genesee

Detroit Metropolitan Area Detroit Metropolitan Area

MSA Definitions This is very complicated Just consult the definitions when you need them estimates/metrodef.html estimates/metrodef.html

Census Tracts b Areas of about 4000 people b Approximate neighborhoods

Ann Arbor Tract

Block Group Block Group Two – eight block groups per tract All 2000s (2001, 2002, 2003) are BG 2 Smallest area for sample data

Blocks All blocks in 2000 have 4-digit numbers Some 100% data but no sample data

PUMAS and SUPER-PUMAS For Public Use Microdata Samples For Public Use Microdata Samples

PUMAS and SUPER-PUMAS American Factfinder Reference Maps

Locating Census Maps b American Factfinder b Census Bureau Web Site (PDF) b Documents Center Paper Copies Tract maps for MichiganTract maps for Michigan Block maps for Wayne and WashtenawBlock maps for Wayne and Washtenaw b Arcview GIS Program in Map Library

Technical Documentation b Geographic and subject definitions b Lists of tables and individual components in tables b Code lists (ancestry, race, occupation, group quarters, Hispanic, industry, language, country) b Original questionnaire b b

Census Data Formats 2000 FTP  Transfer all data for all geographies in a county and manipulate with SAS or SPSS American Factfinder  Prepared profiles  Data extraction to a spreadsheet,  Reference and thematic maps

Census Data Formats 2000 Census Bureau CDs/DVDs Quicker than American Factfinder for extracting very large data sets Geolytics CD-ROMS b Thematic mapping for all variables and created variables; for 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 b Neighborhood Change Database ( ) coming? b Maps can be imported into more sophisticated programs

Initial Factfinder Screen

Brief profiles and geographic comparisons for U.S., states, counties, and places Basic Facts

Geographic Area b If you know the geographic area or proceed directly to DATA SETS or Profiles b If you need to determine the geographic area, go to REFERENCE MAPS

REFERENCE MAPS b Internet Explorer 5+ works best if you want to click and zoom b Choose Breadcrumbs/ Geography for three better options

Place Name Searching BEST option for mapping StatesStates CountiesCounties CitiesCities TownshipsTownships VillagesVillages

Place Name Searching 1. Select Name Search 2. Choose Year 3. Type in Name and GO. 4. Choose from Name Options and SHOW MAP.

Navigating the Map Level 5 maps provide an overview of the tracts Not all features show in this view Use arrows to move map or click to zoom in

Block Group Maps Block groups show up best at Level 3; tracts at level 4 Zoom to Level 2 for street names and block numbers Write down tract, block group and block numbers you need for use with the Data Sets menu

Changing Legend When you can’t tell block group from tract boundaries, click on LEGEND to turn off block group boundaries and numbers

Updated Map And, yes, Tract 4003 has unusually tortuous boundaries.

Address Searching Address Searching Search for a known address to find its county, city, tract, block group, block number, and map

Address Results ADDRESS SEARCHING gives you the tract, block group and block number so you can retrieve data in Data Sets You can also choose to SHOW MAP

Address Map

Downloading Maps b Right-click on the map to download it. b Maps can only be downloaded in GIF (picture) format b For GIS purposes, you Arcview, ArcInfo, MapInfo, or Tiger Line Files.

Data Sets Once you’ve determined geography and used Basic Facts, go to DATA SETS for the detail

2000 and 1990 Census Most detailed demographic and housing data Census Supplementary File Conducted at the same time as the Census to test of small area sampling techniques American Community Survey Updates of sample data for counties and places of 65,000+ Data Sets Includes Five Types of Files

Economic Census Business payrolls and sales for all types of industries for the nation, states, counties, large cities and zip codes Population Estimates Annual state and county population estimates. Totals only - no race or age. Data Sets Includes Five Types of Files

Listing of Data Sets The default display are files from the 2000 and 1990 Census

Data Files for 2000 b Summary File 1: 100% Race, sex, age, households and families, housing tenure BLOCK LEVEL for many categories MOST DETAILED ON RACE AT TRACT LEVEL MOST DETAILED ON AGE b Summary File 2: 100% Detailed cross classifications by type of Hispanic origin, Indian tribe, or Asian subcategory (about 250 total) LOWEST LEVEL IS TRACT

Data Files for 2000 b Summary File 3: Sample Income, language, ethnicity, occupation, commuting, housing value and rent Housing value and rent in STF 1 in 1990 Ancestry only at tract level; in 1990 was available for block groups b Summary File 4: Sample Detailed cross classifications by 350 races and ancestries Lowest level is tract

Data Sets Option Box Options box aligns with checked data set

Options for Data Set b Detailed Tables = most data for most places Download one entire table at a time b Custom Tables = may mix and match variables in several tables, then sort and filter If over 10 variables, use Detailed Tables and manipulate with Excel

Options for Data Set b Quick Tables = brief data for one named place Same as Basic Facts but includes tract data b Geographic Comparison Tables = brief data for all tracts in county, counties in state, states in U.S.

Options for Data Set b Technical Documentation = definitions, lists of tables, interpretation of codes b Thematic Maps = subject maps

Summary File 1 b Most data by age, race, sex, households, group quarters down to block level

Detailed Tables Geography Default is LIST geography. Others include name search, address search, and geography within geography.

Detailed Tables Geography You can choose All states All counties in a state All tracts in a county All 5 digit zip codes in a 3-digit zip code All block groups in a tract All blocks in a block group. To choose all 5 digit zip codes or tracts in state, block groups in city, use Geography within Geography

Detailed Tables Geography 1.Choose lowest level of geography you want 2.Follow pop-up menus to choose place 3.Once you select a geographic area, be sure to add it

The default for Detailed Tables is the List of All Tables. List of Tables - SF1

Population (P) Tables by Subject b Race b Age b Households by Age, Type, and Relationship b Families and Family Type b Group Quarters b Imputations of data when questionnaire not answered

Housing (H) Tables Clustered by Subject b Housing Units (occupied and vacant) b Occupied Housing Units by race and household size b Owner/Renter Occupied by Race b Imputations of data when questionnaires not answered

PCT Tables Clustered by Subject American Native Tribes Asian Races (e.g. Asian Indian, Hmong) Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Races Hispanic Origin Details (e.g. Cuban) Single years of age by race to 99; three groups over 100 Unmarried partners Nonrelatives by household type (foster child, boarder) and race Group quarters population by age, race, sex and type (dorm, prison)

To preview a table, highlight it and click on What’s This? List of Tables - SF

We’re choosing P12 – sex by age; we know it won’t be as detailed as PCT but could give data to the block level List of Tables - SF

Detailed Spreadsheet and Geocodes Options include Geographic and Other FIPS Codes

Detailed Spreadsheet and Printing Use print button or web browser for printing When result is multiple pages, you will need to print each page individually

Detailed Spreadsheet and Downloading Options ALWAYS use Factfinder’s button for downloading data

Downloading Options Comma, tab, rtf, zipped Downloading Options Comma, tab, rtf, zipped Comma-delimited spreadsheets easily export to EXCEL You can also transpose rows and columns Default is downloading entire spreadsheet Data compatible formats are zipped; no English headers

Detailed Tables Keyword Searching You can search by using multiple terms

Keyword Searching PCT Tables have single years of age

Multiple Table Spreadsheet b Although the spreadsheet has nine tables, they are separate tables b You must combine them with a spreadsheet program

bAge, sex, households, families, and owner v. rented occupied housing units bState, counties, places, MSAs, and census tracts bFor 250 races; e.g. single years of age by sex for the Pakistani population rather than the Asian population at large bBrief guide available at: Summary File 2

2000 is the first time for this file on format other than magnetic tape There are limits for racial data – must have 100 or more people of race in the geographic area This file not in most GIS programs; data Must be downloaded and transferred Summary File 2

Summary File Most social and economic characteristics for the smallest geographic areas

Summary File 3-Subjects b Ancestry b Education and school enrollment b Commuting, occupation, industry b Income and poverty b Disability and veteran status b Housing value, rent, mortgages b More breakdowns within categories and racial cross-classifications than the Demographic Profiles

Geography Within Geography Default List View Choose one indentation down from the previous geography, e.g. tracts in county, 5-digit zip codes within a 3-digit zip code

Geography Within Geography Choose Geo within Geo for best options

Geography Within Geography Choose the SMALLEST geography you want; then the LARGEST geography you want; then follow instructions

Summary File 3 List of Tables P – Population Tables to Block Group Level P1-93 Sample data for total population P Imputations P Sample data by race

Summary File 3 List of Tables H – Housing Tables to Block Group Level H 1-98 Sample data for total population H Imputations Note: no sample housing tables by race at the block group level

Summary File 3 List of Tables PCT – Population Tables to Tracts PCT 1-76 – very detailed sample data broken down by race; includes ancestry as separate categories but does not break other data down by ancestry HCT – Housing Tables to Tracts HCT 1-48 – very detailed housing sample data broken down by race but not ancestry

Summary File 3 Subject Search Highlight a subject (e.g. commuting) and search Results include all tables where the subject is a variable Choose P30 and P31; Add; Show Table

Summary File 3

Summary File 3 Ancestry b b Primarily countries with which white and some black races identify b b Tables PCT 16, 17, and 18 b b Options include first ancestry or only ancestry, second ancestry (in dual report), and ancestries totaled (all first, second and only) b b List of Ancestries

Summary File 3 Ancestry Ancestry is another tract only variable

Summary File 3 Occupation Industry = where you work Occupation = what you do

Summary File 3 Educational Attainment Population over 25 is counted Data is not cumulative; Even though high school graduation rate may be 0%, people who completed bachelors or masters completed high school as well Main table is P37 Table by race is P148 Many tables in this data set are split so racial breakdowns appear in a later number

Summary File 3 Educational Attainment

Summary File 3 Disability Disabilities count overall limitations, not individual diseases Sensory Physical Mental Self-care Go outside the home Employment

Summary File 3 Disability

Summary File 3 Rent Contract rent = amount paid to landlord Gross rent = amount paid to landlord AND amount for utilities

Summary File 3 Labor Force Labor Force = either have a job or are looking for a job Not in Labor Force = don’t have job or want one (e.g. retiree) Unemployed = in labor force but don’t have job

Summary File 3 Labor Force

Summary File 3 Income Income calculated for households (related, unrelated, single), families (related), and individuals Income includes salaries, interest, social security, retirement, public assistance Median means half earn below and half earn above Aggregate means all of the income in that geographic area

Summary File 3 Income

Summary File 3 Poverty Calculated variable based on income, size of family, and federal poverty guidelines Poverty guidelines for 1999 appear at: ov1.html ov1.html Example of ratio of income to poverty Poverty for one person in 1999 was $8501 Under.50 = earned less than $4250 Earned 1.5 of poverty=$12751

Summary File 3 Poverty

Summary File Sample data for 350 races and ancestries

Thematic maps can be accessed through the initial menu of each data set and via the main Factfinder screen - middle/bottom Thematic Maps

Thematic Maps Changing Data Set Check the default data set to make sure it’s what you want. Change selection.

Thematic Maps New Data Set Pop-up menu changed from 2000 Summary File 1 to 2000 Summary File 3.

Thematic Maps Choosing New Geography You can choose a map through the List method, using the HIGHEST LEVEL of geography you want (e.g. Washtenaw County, Mich) (e.g. Washtenaw County, Mich)

Thematic Maps Choosing Theme (Subject) b b You can choose a theme by subject, keyword, or list b b Not all Census variables are represented b b In this case, race appears in SF1 maps; ancestry in SF3 maps

Thematic Maps Changing Geographic Display b The default for a county is county subdivision b This can be changed to census tract or BG

Thematic Maps Same Map – Tract Level Same map at tract level. You can change the map classes by choosing legend.

Thematic Maps Same Map – Tract Level Natural breaks = equal number of people counted Equal interval means equal percent intervals

Thematic Maps Same Map – Tract Level This is probably more accurage. Click on legend to add geographic boundaries

Thematic Maps Same Map – Tract Level Click on legend to add geographic boundaries

Thematic Maps Same Map – Tract Level Same map with tract numbers

Thematic Maps Same Map – Tract Level Use identify button and click on map to obtain data

Thematic Maps Limitations of Factfinder Maps b b Only pre-selected variables; not entire data set b b Maps download as gifs (pictures); they cannot be exported into another program b b Maps can not be manipulated, e.g. showing layers b b Geolytics and ARCVIEW are alternatives

American Factfinder Advantages   SF1-4 data sets   Custom tables option to choose parts of one table or mix tables   Address search for all geographic codes of one street address   Reference and thematic maps provide street boundaries and multiple geographic layers

American Factfinder Disadvantages   No PUMS files   Limited types of geographies and number of data items retrievable   Cannot choose multiple races/ancestries in SF2 and 4   Thematic maps can not be imported into GIS programs

CD/DVD Programs for Census 2000 Two additional CD/DVD programs available in the Documents Center GO 2000 (Census Bureau)GO 2000 (Census Bureau) Census CD 2000 (Geolytics)Census CD 2000 (Geolytics)

Census DVDs Advantages b b Quicker for large numbers of geographies (e.g. all tracts in a state) b b Can do radius searching b b Can select individual variables in a table b b Combine multiple tables into one spreadsheet b b Mix and match geographic levels and data from different tables b b Data can be downloaded into a variety of formats, including DBF and MS Access

Census DVDs Disadvantages b b No maps b b Mathematical functions are laborious; use Excel instead b b Not a substitute for ftp

Geolytics Advantages   All variables can be mapped, not just those in American Factfinder’s thematic maps   Can create own variables using calculator   Thematic maps can be imported into ARCVIEW   Available for   ONLY non-ftp source for 1970 and 1980 digital census data

Geolytics Disadvantages   No 100% data for 1990   Limited number of geographic choices (e.g. no tracts in a city, just county)   Maps do not show street boundaries   Retrieval options vary slightly between censuses   Neighborhood Change Database has been on order for 10 months

Geolytics CDs on Campus CITRIX LAN 1990 and 2000 Sample Data Documents LAN 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Sample Data 2000 Redistricting Data (block) % Data (blocks and block groups) Neighborhood Change ( ) on order

Geolytics Example Name Request Name file before you begin. In the Documents Center use the X drive. On CITRIX, use your own drive.

Geolytics Example Geographic Areas Choose the largest geographic level or radius

Geolytics Example Geographic Areas Choose state and area names

Geolytics Example Subareas Choose Subarea – in this case block groups in Wayne County, Michigan Subareas vary with the main Area (Choices limited by comparison to Census DVD)

Geolytics Example Choose Subjects or Counts Population 1 and Housing 1 to block group level Population and Housing 2 to tract level

Geolytics Example Choosing Counts You can choose multiple subjects Move from top to bottom to right. Then click DONE. Example shows total population and number in poverty.

Geolytics Example Run Query Choose spreadsheet, data base, or map file.

Geolytics Example Spreadsheet Spreadsheet. It was automatically saved when you named your request file. Use Technical Documentation to interpret column headings. You could use FORMULA to create new column. Close this window before mapping.

Geolytics Example Map Map. Toggle variable to change map between variables.

Geolytics Example Identifying Data in Map You can click on area to view its data

Geolytics Example Create Your Own Variable Click on calculator. Divide people in poverty by total population and multiply by 100 to determine percent in poverty.

Geolytics Example New Formula New formula displays percent of population in poverty.

Geolytics Example Map Classes You can change the categories and classes on the right

Geolytics Example Copying Files for Arcview Click on VIEW; then uncheck the WATER category

Geolytics Example Copying Files for Arcview File – Export to copy your map for Arcview.

Geolytics Example Copying Files for Arcview Your files will be automatically saved in the same drive as your Request File. Your files will have various extensions but the same name as your request file. If you used the Documents Center X drive, access it through MY COMPUTER on the desktop; then drag and drop to your floppy or zip disk.

Converting Geographic Codes Use the Mable Geocorr 2K Search Engine to relate five digit zip codes to counties or census tracts

Converting Geographic Codes

 Did the Census Bureau ask the question?  How was the question asked?  Is the geography the same?  What formats are available? Questions to Ask Before Starting a Time Series

 Reflects changes in society  In 1990 and 2000 Congress wanted to reduce paperwork  Grid of questions, Census Questions Vary Over Time

 Ancestry first asked in 1980  Poverty was first determined in 1970  Marital status and house value switched from 100% to sample questionnaire in 2000  Dilapidated housing last measured in 1960 Census Questions Vary Over Time

 Before 1980, Hispanic was called Spanish-origin  Races in 1960 were white, Negro and other  Multiple races new in 2000  Asian and Hawaiian in 2000 were same category in 1990 Census Racial Definitions Vary Over Time

 Did 25 Ann Arborites and 122 Hawaiians take the subway to work in 2000?  “How did the person get to work LAST WEEK?” How Was Question Asked?

 Technical Documentation in  Printed Census Volumes through  Measuring America Questionnaires

 Metropolitan Areas Change Detroit: counties counties counties counties ates/metrodef.html Is the Geography the Same?

 Census Tracts, Block Groups, and Block Numbers Change  Census Tract equivalencies in paper tract reports through 1990  Relationship files, Is the Geography the Same?

 Different definitions or urban and urbanized area  Block group data on tape but not generally available until 1990  Census tracts limited to metro areas until 1990 Is the Geography the Same?

 Primary vehicle through 1980 was PAPER (Grad Stacks HA 201.year with backup on microfiche/film in Documents)  1990 a combination of paper and CD; not all files on American Factfinder  No paper in 2000  Geolytics are only good CDS for period Census Formats

 at ICPSR   ICPSR has some data html#I html#I  IPUMS has PUMS  Historical Data Browser (state and county) Data Tapes

Citing Census Data Census Bureau APA Style - Purdue r_apa.html r_apa.html Government Documents - Univ. of Memphis

Getting Census Help Documents Center 203 Hatcher Library North, (734) , b b Campus representative to the Census Bureau’s State Data Center program. b b Assistance with American Factfinder, Census CD- ROMS.Paper tract maps of Michigan. b b Referrals to other sources. b b Census 2000 web page

Getting Census Help Map Library 825 Hatcher Library South, (734) b b Experts in ArcView for the creation of Census maps b b Assistance in importing your own data to a Census map b b Downloads of boundary files

Getting Census Help Numeric Data Services 818 Hatcher Library North, (734) b b Assists users in locating and downloading untabulated statistical data for manipulation with programs such as SAS, SPSS b b Referrals for data manipulation

Getting Census Help Population Studies Center 311 Maynard Street, (734) b b Assists University of Michigan students and staff b b Answers common problem and error questions with Census files b b Handles common data manipulation questions with a variety of statistical packages