Lecture 1 History Of Computers Generations Of Computers Assignment # 1

Pre-Computing Counting on fingers Counting Pebbles Counting marks on the walls Counting marks on the bones Counting marks in the sand

Computer Prehistory Abacus(3000 B.C)  Considered to be the Original Counting Device.  Simple device used to perform calculations  Slide the Beads up and down on the rods to add and subtract.  Relies on training, knowledge of user

Abacus B.C beads on rods to count and calculate still widely used in China.

Computer Prehistory Pascaline(1623 – 1662)  Invented by Blaise Pascal  He invented it to help his father in tax collection.  Gear-driven machine performing whole- number addition & subtraction  Pascal was only man who could make repairs

Computer Prehistory 17 th Century - Pascaline

Computer Prehistory Jacquard’s loom(1801)  Wove cloth, silk, and other materials  Knots passing through the holes in cards created patterns woven into fabric

Early Computer Attempt Charles Babbage(1793 – 1871)  Considered to be Father of Computers because of his Impressive designs for  Difference Engine  Analytical Engine  Difference Engine huge calculator, steam driven & never finished

Early Computer Attempt Analytical engine  Designed by Charles Babbage  Similar to early computers Could store up to digit numbers Could run more complex programs than early machines at a rate of 60 Additions/sec accurate to six decimal places

Early Computer Attempt Analytical engine  Steam power turned handles Wouldn’t need humans to run  Design would cover the area of a football field.

Binary Machines Konrad Zuse develops Z1(1936)  First automatic calculator based in binary  First Programmable computer designed to solve complex engineering Equations.

Binary Machines Konrad Zuse develops Z1  Contained memory to remember 64 numbers  Each multiplication took 5 seconds

Electronic Computers ABC Computer( )  First electronic, digital computer  Built by John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry  Performed complicated mathematical computations  Original notes for design written on the back of a cocktail napkin

Electronic Computers ABC Computer( )  Weighed 800lbs, used 300+ vacuum tubes, & 1 mile of wire  Each calculation took 15 seconds

Electronic Computers Mark I Computer(1944)  Developed by Howard Aiken & IBM  Could add, subtract, multiply and divide Included subroutines to compute logarithms and trigonometric functions. It had switches which when flipped back and forth, represented mathematical data.

Electronic Computers Mark I Computer  Weighed 5 tons, 55’ long, 8’ high  Stored 72 numbers  3 additions/second;  seconds per multiplication

Electronic Computers ENIAC Computer( )  Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer  To compute trajectory table for US army.  Programs set by external switches and dials Took weeks to physically reprogram machines

Electronic Computers ENIAC Computer  Weighed 30 tons 17,460 vacuum tubes 5 million soldered joints  Performed 5000 additions, 357 multiplications or 38 divisions per second

Electronic Computers ENIAC Computer Shortcomings  Could only store and manipulate a limited amount of information.  Programs were wired on boards.  Thus, difficult to detect errors.

Electronic Computers 1953  701 released, IBM’s 1 st computer  Stored 256 numbers in memory  Only 19 ever made Rented by businesses for $15,000 per month  IBM sold 1,800 IBM 650s, which worked with IBM punch card equipment, from

Electronic Computers 1953  701 released, IBM’s 1 st computer  Performed 2200 multiplications per second

1 st Generation Computers EDVAC( )  Electronic Discreet Variable Automatic Computer  Based on Stored Program Concept.  Stored data in binary form. UNIVAC(1951)  Universal Automatic Computer  First fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S.  Use of vacuum tubes

1 st Generation Computers Advantages:  These were the Fastest calculating devices of that time. Disadvantages:  Too bulky in Size.  Excessive Heat Generation.  Non-portable.

2 nd Generation Used Transistors starting in 1956 Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors, thus making it faster, smaller and reliable. Advantages:  Less Heat Generation  Smaller than 1 st Generation Computers. Disadvantages:  Costly  Manual Assembly of individual components

PDP-8 Minicomputer In 1963,PDP-8 was launched. Small computers for business and specific applications.

3 rd Generation Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips). Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated together into a single “chip”. Advantages:  Smaller in size, easily portable, no need of manual assembly of individual components. Disadvantages:  Highly sophisticated technology required.

4 th Generation Over 30,000 components were integrated onto a single chip. Performed 60,000instructions per second. The First Microprocessor (Intel 4004)  The 4004 had 2,250 transistors.  108Khz  Called “Microchip” (Specialized chip for memory and logic)

4 th Generation Advantages  Smallest in size.  Heat generation is negligible.  Much faster in computations.  Cheapest. Disadvantages  Highly sophisticated technology required.

Birth of Personal Computers(1975) MITS ALTAIR  Could hold 256 numbers in RAM  Required TV for use as a display  Did not include any software (even an OS)  Owner had to put machine together  Cost $400  Small company, Microsoft, formed by 2 college kids to sell BASIC compiler for Altair

Growth of the Home Computer Apple I(1976)  Could store 8192 numbers (8KB) in memory  Included keyboard, but needed TV for display  Cost $ per machine  Less powerful than Altair but also less expensive and complicated.

Growth of the PC Apple II(1977)  Contained 4KB of memory  First personal computer to include color graphics (included 16 colors!), but still needed TV for monitor  Built-in Keyboard

Player Enters the Market IBM PC (1981)  First PC fully built from off-the-shelf parts and commercially available operating system

Player Enters the Market IBM PC(1981)  Used 4.77MHz processor  Default had16KB of memory, but could be expanded to 256KB  Color monitor was optional  Cost $1565

Updated Computer Line Apple IIe (1983)  Used 1MHz processor  Included 64KB of memory  Cost $1400 per machine  Became one of the best selling computers of all time

Personal Computer Revolution Apple Lisa (1983)  1 st GUI-based home computer  Used 5 MHz processor, 512KB of memory, 5MB hard drive  12” monitor  Cost $9995  Apple Macintosh released in 1984

Personal Computer Revolution 1983 – Apple Lisa released 1984 – Apple Macintosh released

Other Important Computer Dates 1983 – Intel releases  Speed---16MHz 1983 – 10 million computers used in US 1986 – 30 million computers used in US 1989 – Intel releases  25MHz  First Intel chip capable of multiprocessing

Pentium Series In 1995  Pentium-Pro Microprocessor  Windows 95 OS In 1997  Intel announces Multimedia capabilities  Pentium II(333MHz Speed) In 1998  Windows 1998 OS. In 1999  Pentium III (Graphics Friendly)

Assignment 1 Discuss the growth of PCs from year 2000 to 2005 in terms of Hardware improvement and Operating Systems. Discuss Von-Neumann's Architecture.