Case 1 Female, 30 Yeas, Married +2, Housewife On estrogen-containing contraceptive pills Complaints (Symptoms) Complaints (Symptoms): Loss of weight Irritable Uncomfortable with summer weather Examination (Signs) Examination (Signs): Pulse: 130 Blood pressure: 155/95 Palm sweaty Fine tremors of the fingers when her arms are stretched No eye signs Thyroid gland enlarged – No nodules Thyroid Function Tests Analysis Result Reference Range TSH 0.1 mIU/L 0.3 – 0.5 Free T4 20 pmol/L Total T4 160 nmol/L Free T3 20 pmol/L 3- 9 Total T3 6 nmol/L

Case 2 Male, 38 Yeas, Married + 3, Engineer Graves disease began treatment 3 months ago Already diagnosed as Graves disease & began treatment 3 months ago He came to the outpatient clinic for follow up of his treatment as now, he is clinically normal Thyroid Function Tests Analysis Result Reference Range TSH <0.1 mIU/L 0.3 – 0.5 Free T4 5 pmol/L Total T4 100 nmol/L Free T3 2.9 pmol/L 3- 9 Total T3 0.9 nmol/L

Case 3 26 Years, Female, Single, Student, living in Al-Wahat Al-Kharja- West Desert, EGYPT Complaints: Tired & feeling low (depressed) all the time Gaining weight Discomfort in her neck Examination Examination: Pulse: 55 BP: 108/65 Palm Dry Thyroid examination: Goiter (Diffusely Enlarged) Thyroid Function Tests Analysis Result Reference Range TSH 48 mIU/L 0.3 – 0.5 Free T4 8 pmol/L Total T4 56 nmol/L Free T3 6 pmol/L 3- 9 Total T3 1.9 nmol/L

Case 4 25 year old Female, Constant fatigue, Lethargy, Depression. Small in stature NO typical symptoms of hyperthyroidism.Examination Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) Thyroid Function Tests: Elevated blood free T3 & T4 Elevated blood TSH symptoms of hypothyroidism The patient exhibits symptoms of hypothyroidism (including enlarged thyroid gland ), thyroid hormone levels are elevated BUT thyroid hormone levels are elevated. This pattern can only be Resistance of Target Cells to Thyroid hormone, explained by Resistance of Target Cells to Thyroid hormone, as for example, a mutation of the receptor decreasing its binding affinity for hormone

Case 5 A 27 years old man presents to his physician 3 weeks after his thyroid surgically removed for a thyroid cancer. However, since he went home from the hospital, he noticed painful, involuntary muscular cramping. He also felt numbness and tingling around his mouth & in his hands and feet. His parents said that he was irritable for the last 2 weeks. He is on levothyroxine medication. Clinical Examination: Well-healing thyroidectomy scar No palpable masses in the thyroid bed Blood pressure cuff inflated above systolic pressure induces involuntary muscular contracture in the ipsilateral hand after 60 seconds (Trousseau`s sign) Tapping on the face interior to the ears cause twitching in the ipsilateral corner of the mouth (Chevostek`s sign) Clinical Chemistry Lab Investigations: Calcium: 5.6 mg/dl (N: 8.5 – 10.2) Albumin: 4.1 g/dl (N: 3.5 – 4.8) PTH: < 1 pg/ml (N: N: 11 – 54)

The parathyroid glands were removed during thyroidectomy PTH undetectable Hypocalcemia Clinical Manifestations of hypocalcemia (increased reflexes & muscular cramping)

Case 6 A 5 years old child His parents complained that he has a delay in proper walking and bowing of extremities Lab investigations : Renal Failure (High Creatinine Blood Level) Hypocalcemia Diagnosis ?? Treatment ??

Case 7 A case with clinical manifestations of osteomalacia X-ray showed generalized poor calcification of his skeleton. Lab investigations: Low blood calcium level Normal level of active form of vitamin D Expected cause of this case is ??? Vitamin D receptors defect

Case 8  A 6-year old girl is brought to a pediatrician by her parents  They reported that her height is not progressing as they think it should (or like it did for her 8 year old sister & her legs look bowed.  She takes no medications  Family history: Some cousins has the same problem Lower Limb X-Ray:  Bowing of long bones  Generalized demineralizations Lab Investigations:  Calcium: 7.2 mg/dl (N: 8.5 – 10.2)  Albumin: 4.1 g/dl (N: 3.5 – 4.8)  PTH: 866 pg/dl (N: 11 – 54)  25 HCC: 35 ng/dl (N: )  1, 25 DHCC: less than 1 pg/ml (N: 20 – 75)

Pseudohyperparathyroidism In which there is genetic mutations in the stimulatory G-protein ACTIVE G Protein IN ACTIVE G Protein of adenylate cyclase No activation of adenylate cyclase cAMP NO cAMP NO EFFECT OF PTH HYPOCALCEMIA INCREASE OF PTH (HYPERPARATHYROIDISM WITH HYPOCALCEMIA) TO BE CONFIRMED by MOLECULAR GENETIC ANALYSIS

Case 9 A 37 years old housewife Complaining of:  Headache, Weakness on trivial efforts, Wasting in proximal limb muscles  Polyuria  Polydipsia (drink water more than before) On Examination:  BP: 165/105  BMI: 33 Lab Investigations: Fasting Blood Glucose: 160 mg/dl (N: 70 – 110 ) Urine glucose: nil Adrenal Function Tests: Adrenal Function Tests: Serum Cortisol at 8:00 AM : 410 nmol/L (N: ) Serum Cortisol at 10:00 PM: 390 nmol/L (N: up to 200) Dexamethazone Suppression Test: Dexamethazone Suppression Test: Serum Cortisol: Basal (before dexamethazone): 420 nmol/L After dexamethazone: 410 nmol/L Insulin hypoglycemic Test: Insulin hypoglycemic Test: Serum Cortisol Basal at blood glucose 4.5 mmol/L: 435 nmol/L After blood glucose 1.5 mmol/L: 480 nmol/L ACTH at 8:00 AM: less than 2 ng/L (N: 7-51 )

Case years old Female Complaints: Complaints: Weakness, fatigue, nausea & vomitingExamination Deep tanning of both exposed and unexposed parts of the body and dark pigmentation inside the mouth. Lab Investigations: Low blood cortisol High TSH Low blood Na+ and Cl− & high K+

Case 11: Parents of a 15 years old boy was reported by his school that he was found drowsy & they have got to take him to hospital according to the advice of his school doctor. In the hospital, his mother told the doctor that her son seemed unusually thirsty for the last 3 months & she thought that he had lost weight. She admitted also that on the morning before leaving for school, he was complaining of abdominal pain & discomfort.Examination:  Semiconscious  Deep & rapid respiration  Pulse rate 120 beats/minute  BP: 90/50  Cold extremities What investigations were recommended for him?? What is the diagnosis of this case?? What is the treatment ??

Clinical Biochemistry Lab Investigations Blood Chemistry Random Blood Glucose: 550 mg/dl Urea: 160 mg/dl (N: ) Na+: 127 mmol/L (N: 135 – 145) K+: 6.9 mmol/L (N: 3.5 – 4.5) pCO2: 2.9 kPa (N: 4.4 – 6.1) HCO3- : 7 mmol/L (N: 21 – 27.5) pO2: 14 kPa (N: 12 – 17) Urine Analysis: Urine Dipstick Test: - Glucose Ketone Albumin ++