I. “Cracking” the AP World History Exam: Multiple Choice & FRQ’s

THE “WHAP” EXAM 1. 70 multiple-choice: 55 min. 2. 3 essays (9 pts ea.): 10-min. “reading period” (review DBQ docs!) 2 hours for DBQ, CCOT, & Compare/Contrast essays

The “Units”… “Foundations”: 8000 B.C.E.-600 C.E. “Classical Empires” TimePeriod % of Questions # of Questions “Foundations”: 8000 B.C.E.-600 C.E. 19-20% 13-14 “Classical Empires” 600-1450 22% 15-16 “Post-Classical” 1450-1750 Industrial Rev. 1750-1914 Contemporary 1914-present Total 70

Make an Educated Guess… When Europeans arrived in sub-Saharan Africa in the 1400-1500‘s the African slave trade was (A) just beginning (B) an institution Europeans had to establish (C) well established and hundreds of years old (D) still under the control of Ottoman traders

WORLD REGIONS

Unit 1: 8,000 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.

Big Picture 1st River Valley Civs: Neolithic Revolution “Classical Empires” Nomads threat to empires Religion/goods spread: merchants/missionaries New trade routes (Silk Roads, Indian Ocean) Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity

Beginnings: 8,000B.C.E – 1,000 B.C.E. Hunters & gathers Early humans spread from Africa 8,000 B.C.E. agriculture starts in MESOPOTAMIA

Hunting and gathering societies were marked by I. widespread labor specialization II. little specialization of labor III. subsistence lifestyle IV. limited trade I, II, and III II, III, and IV I and III II and IV

Civ. Characteristics: Farming Cities Writing Gov’t laws Organized religions Social inequality

Ancient Civilizations

Decline of Early Civs. By 1000 B.C.E. decline due to iron Minoans/Mycenaeans: influenced Greeks Phoenicians: trading empire (alphabet)

“Classical” Empires: Rome, Han, Gupta (1000 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.)

General Characteristics iron (agriculture; weapons) “Regional” Trade Routes Formal Religions & Social systems: Hinduism in India Confucianism in China

Classical Social Systems Based upon inequality 1. India: Caste System 2. China: Confucianism (rigid hierarchy) 3. Mediterranean: -Greeks (land-owning aristocrats; slaves) -Romans (land-owning patricians; plebians; slaves) Needed inequalities to control/enforce production Limited resources - someone needs to be incontrol of it Governing group wants to maintain power, fend off invaders

Chinese Dynasties Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao & Deng

Shang (1700 - 1027 BCE) Aristocracy ruled Writing, bronze, silk Ancestor worship

Zhou (1027 - 250 BCE) Longest lasting Dynasty Beginning of Mandate of Heaven Taoism & Confucianism introduced Feudal Built roads, expanded trade Ended with: “Warring States Period”

China: Qin & Han Qin dynasty– Legalist (strict & severe) Emperor Shi Huangdi (:Terra Cotta Warriors”) Great Wall Han dynasty– Confucianism: Mandate of Heaven “Meritocracy”: civil service exam & scholar-gentry Eunuchs gained power Silk Roads: paper, silk Decline: corruption, nomads, loss of mandate, crop failure, internal conflict

Qin (221 - 207 BCE)

Why was the Zhou dynasty in China so long-lived? because their leaders were ruthless due to the lack of Confucianism and the rise of Legalism due to the ideas of Confucianism emphasizing the duty of emperors because average people were not allowed weapons

Silk Roads brought Buddhism to China Chinese silk to Europe

Silk Roads

Classical India Mauryan Dynasty: - King Ashoka (wrote laws on Rock Pillars Edicts) - Buddhism spreads Gupta Dynasty: Hindu “golden age”

Gupta India Centralized Golden Age: military, math (pi, zero, numerals), astronomy, medicine, lit. Extensive Trade: Silk Roads, Indian Ocean (dhow boat) A “theatre” state Hinduism: duty to caste; reincarnation Buddhism spreads due to inequality Nomads: Huns Decline: corruption, poor leadership, nomads, overexpansion, & too diverse

“Classical” India

Greeks: Independent city-states (internal warfare) Athenian “Golden Age” = Democracy, art, philosophy, science Alexander conquers & spreads Greek culture (Hellenistic Period)

Alexander the Great

Mediterranean Rome: At first a Republic Capital: Rome (centralized) Empire began after Julius Caesar Augustus Caesar: “Pax Romana” Built roads (“Appian Way”) & Aqueducts Christianity develops, spreads Decline: corruption, moral decline, nomads, inflation

Roman Empire

Public Works “The Great Builders”: Columns, Domes, Arches; Aqueducts, Roads, Bridges, Theaters, the Coliseum Great Wall of China Bridges, Roads, Canals Terra Cotta Warriors

Fall of Roman Empire

Persians Centralized bureaucracy (divided into “Satraps”) Golden Age: Royal Road, military, coins, postal service tolerance & trade Zoroastrianism: dual forces of good & evil Decline: corruption, over taxation, Alexander the Great

Persian Empire

In Africa: Bantu migrations: spread similar cultural traits through Sub-Saharan Africa

AMERICAN CIVILIZATION The Maya, Aztecs, and Inca

Maya (300 CE to 900) From Olmec traditions Amerindian Civilizations Maya (300 CE to 900) From Olmec traditions Independent city-states…decentralized Astronomical calendar Number zero Written language

American Civilizations Aztec 1400-1521 militant warriors tributary empire decentralized empire human sacrifice Written language Spanish conquered w/ guns & disease

Incas 1400-1540 Rugged Andes Mts. Centralized empire American Civilizations Incas 1400-1540 Rugged Andes Mts. Centralized empire terraces for farming network of roads & bridges NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE…but used quipu Spanish conquest

Causes of “Classical” Decline: Nomadic invaders Epidemics Corruption Internal decline

W. Europe: China: India: worst decline Byzantine Empire flourishes in East China: 300 years of disunity India: declines politically, but trade continues Hinduism spreads