Kagan, Ch. 23
Early moves toward Equality 1782 Edict of Toleration (Joseph II, Austria) 1789, France BUT…full emancipation NEVER ultimately occurred Often still subject to different property and tax laws Social discrimination hardest to overcome Russian Jews suffered the most
Jewish Life in Western Europe after 1848 Full citizenship attained in Germany, Italy, Low Countries & Scandinavia 1858 right to sit in Parliament Full legal rights in Austro-Hungary, 1867 More job opportunities available Openly participating and accepted in literary and cultural communities, the arts and music, sciences and education Drawn to liberal and socialist political parties
Rise of Anti-Semitism Economic issues of the 1870s reenergized Jewish prejudices 1880s (see also Kagan Ch. 24) France, Dreyfus Affair Austria, esp. Vienna (Mayor Karl Lueger) & Christian Socialists – was a major influence on Adolph Hitler Germany – Houston Stewart Chamberlain & Adolph Stocker’s Christian Social Workers (see. Spiel. pg. 695) Eastern Europe: 72% of world’s Jewish population lived in Russia and Ukraine; harsh quote systems and restrictions, also pogroms : pogroms took place in ~700 towns & villages
Pogroms in Russia
Rise of Zionism (see Ch. 24) Zionism: hope to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine (Israel) where Jews would be free and independent Theodor Herzl ( ) The Jewish State, 1896 First Zionist Congress, Switzerland, 1897: hoped to create a “home in Palestine secured by public law” 1901, 1000 Jews emigrate; btw , 3000 emigrate annually