Chapter 161 Information Technology For Management 5 th Edition Turban, Leidner, McLean, Wetherbe Lecture Slides by A. Lekacos, Stony Brook University John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The Impacts of Information Technology on Individuals, Organizations, and Society

Chapter 162 Learning Objectives Describe some of the major impacts of information technology on individuals, organizations, and society. Understand the changes that take place in the workplace and the lives of individuals when information technology eliminates geographical and spatial barriers. Discuss the positive and negative effects associated with the abundance of information made available by IT. Identify the issues that arise due to uneven diffusion of information technology across countries and socioeconomic classes. Understand the complexity of effects of technological progress on labor markets and individual employees. Discuss the impacts of information technology on the quality of life and interpersonal relationships. Recognize the legal, ethical, and moral issues that become particularly critical due to proliferation

Chapter 163 IT Positive Effects Only? Will society have any control over the deployment of technology? Where will technology critics be able to make their voices heard? Who will investigate the costs and risks of technologies? What about health and safety issues? What impact will IT have on employment levels? What impact will IT have on the quality of life? We assume that organizations will reap the fruits of new technology and that computers have no major negative impact. But is this really true?

Chapter 164 Impacts On Organizations The manager ’ s job Organizational structure, authority and power Job content (Value and Supply Chain) Employee career paths Supervision The use of computers and information technology has brought many changes to organizations.

Chapter 165 The Manager’s Job Automation of routine decisions Less expertise required for many decisions. More rapid identification of problems and opportunities Less reliance on experts to provide support to top executives. Empowerment of lower and middle levels of management. Decision making undertaken by non-managerial employees. Power redistribution among managers Thinner organizations. Organizational intelligence that is more timely, comprehensive, accurate, and available The most important task of managers is making decisions. IT changes the manner in which many decisions are made.

Chapter 166 The IT revolution has resulted in many changes in structure, authority, power and job content. Authority, Power, Job Content

Chapter 167 Impact On Personnel Issues Many personnel-related questions arise as a result of using IT.

Chapter 168 Impact On Individuals Dehumanization and other psychological impacts Information anxiety Job stress Video display Radiation exposure Repetitive strain (stress) injuries Lack of proper Ergonomics Other Impacts … Information systems affect individuals in various ways. What is a benefit to one individual may be a constraint to another.

Chapter 169 Other Impact On Individuals Interactions between individuals and computers are numerous.

Chapter 1610 Impact Society Opportunities for people with disabilities Quality of Life improvements Improvements in health care Crime fighting IT has already had many direct beneficial effects on society, being used for complicated human and social problems such as medical diagnosis, computer assisted instruction, government-program planning, environmental quality control, and law enforcement. Benefits

Chapter 1611 Impact Society Scanning crowds for criminals Cookies and individual privacy Digital millennium copyright act Providing Social services Possible massive unemployment resulting from the increased use of IT The “ digital divide ” or gap between those who have technology and those who do not. Impact of globalization on culture Use of IT has raised the issues of invasion of privacy. Issues

Chapter 1612 Virtual Communities A virtual (Internet) community is one in which the interaction among group members that share a common interest takes place via the Internet rather than face-to-face. Types of Communities

Chapter 1613 Virtual Communities Virtual communities have commercial as well as social aspects. Financial Viability of Communities

Chapter 1614 MANAGERIAL ISSUES The effects of offshore outsourcing. Offshore outsourcing may be either an opportunity or a threat to an organization. To improve organizational efficiency, companies should explore the opportunities to outsource certain noncore activities to firms in other parts of the world. However, managers should be aware of various legal and ethical considerations surrounding this issue as well as the impact of outsourcing on the size and morale of their workforce. Managing and evaluating remote workers. Telecommuting increases the number of employees working away from the office. To manage these employees, it is vital to place a greater emphasis on regular formal communications. Effective performance evaluation is also different and requires a closer examination of the actual outputs produced by each employee. Dealing with information overload. In many workplaces, the capacity of information systems to collect and generate information has outpaced the ability of human employees to absorb it. The resulting information overload negatively impacts employees and their productivity. A greater investment in knowledge management systems, decision support systems, and related tools may help to solve this problem.

Chapter 1615 MANAGERIAL ISSUES Providing high-quality information. As companies continue to rely on increasingly larger volumes of information, the issue of information quality becomes critically important to the success of the organizations. Furthermore, recent laws, such as the Sarbanes – Oxley Act, make CEOs and CFOs personally liable for the quality and accuracy of financial information disclosed to the public. Displacement of employees with information technology. In any occupation — blue-collar, clerical, or white-collar — machines are acquiring the capabilities to perform “ human ” tasks more effectively and efficiently. Although this trend is unlikely to result in massive worldwide unemployment, it can have dramatic results on individual organizations and on individual employees. Thus, managers should be aware of the potentially disruptive technologies that may displace them or their colleagues and subordinates. Use of electronic surveillance. Proliferation of computer and white-collar crime impels employers to use information technology to monitor their employees. While electronic surveillance may reduce the incidence of unlawful activities, it may also result in employee resentment and other unintended consequences.

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