Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life
Chemical Elements Elements: 105 single substances can’t be broken down. 4 Most Common Elements: C- carbon H- hydrogen O- oxygen N- nitrogen
Periodic Table Of Elements
Why Chemistry in Biology? Cells are involved in chemical reactions. Ex. H 2 O, O 2, CO 2, proteins. Elements alone are very lonely they join together (bond) to form compounds.
Types of Compounds Organic Contain both C and H. Living or once living Inorganic Does not contain both C and H. Non-living
Which are organic and which are inorganic? H 2 O CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 NaCl Remember: Water (H 2 O) is the most abundant inorganic compound in the human body!
Four Types of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates: C, H, O Proteins: C, H, O, N Lipids: C, H, O Nucleic Acids: C, H, O, N, P
Carbohydrates: Contain C, H, O. 2:1 ratio of H:O Ex. C 6 H 12 O 6, C 12 H 22 O 11 Ex. Sugars and starches Names end in - ose. Ex. Glucose. Function- quick energy (bread, cereal, pasta, rice)
One sugar- – Monosaccharide – Simple Sugar – glucose Two sugars- – Disaccharide – Double Sugar – maltose, lactose & sucrose Many sugars- – Polysaccharide – starch & cellulose
Structure: Honey comb shape
Lipids/Fats Contain C, H, O No 2:1 ratio of H & O. Stored energy Fats, oils, milk, butter. Building blocks of a lipid: 3 Fatty Acids and One Glycerol
Lipid
Nucleic Acids Contains C, H, O, N, P Ex.’s: DNA and RNA (hereditary material in the nucleus) DNA: double stranded RNA: single stranded
Structure of DNA DNA:
Proteins Contains C, H, O, N Found in meat, fish, eggs, beans. Function: builds and repairs cells (muscle cells) Building blocks are called amino acids – 1 amino acid= peptide – 2 amino acids= dipeptide – Many amino acids= polypeptide Ex) enzymes, insulin, hormones, hemoglobin.
One amino acid:
Amino Acid
Polymer Chain of repeating units
Dehydration Synthesis- Make a polymer by removing water. Simple Complex Carbohydrate- monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide + water Protein- amino acid + amino acid protein + water peptide + peptide dipeptide + water Lipid- 3 Fatty Acids + 1 Glycerol Lipid(Fat) + water
Hydrolysis / Digestion: Break apart a polymer by adding water. Complex Simple Carbohydrate- Disaccharide + water monosaccharide + monosaccharide Protein- Protein + water amino acid + amino acid Dipeptide + water peptide + peptide Lipid- Lipid + water Glycerol + 3 fatty acids