LiFePO4 Batteries

Outline Manufacturing Techniques Power and Energy Density Science Power and Energy Density SWOT Analysis

Science: Electrochemistry LiC6 (Lithium-Graphite on Copper) LiFePO4 (Lithium-Iron-Phosphate on Aluminum) Lithium-Salt, (e.g. LiPF6 in Ethylene) References: http://rooksheathscience.com http://www.homepower.com

Science: Stable Voltage References: http://www.powerstream.com/LLLF.htm

Power and Energy Density Power Density (W/kg) 2400 - 3300 Specific Energy (Wh/kg) 90 - 120 Energy Density (Wh/L) 220 - 222 Price (US$/Wh) 0.72 - 2.4 Price per life-cycle (US$/kWh) ( Assuming 2000 cycles) 0.99 - 1.2 REFERENCES: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion LiFePO4 Cathode Material, Borong Wu, Yonghuan Ren and Ning Li, School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, China https://ironedison.com/24-volt-lithium-iron-battery batteryspace.com/lifepo4cellspacks.aspx A comparative study of Lithium-Ion Batteries, M Oswal, J Paul, R Zhao, University of Southern California

Manufacturing Techniques There are several methods developed to produce LiFePO4 but the two main categories are: Solid State Processing Methods: needs high temperatures (250-800ºC), long sintering times (3- 18 hours), creates an ordered crystal structure in a simplistic way at sizes between 25 and 32 nm. Solution Based Processing Methods: are less temperature intensive (80-800ºC), requires less time (<12 hours), creates more homogeneous carbon coating and crystal sizes are in the range of 54-140 nm but more complex. Other Novel methods: Microwave heating. Torrey Hills Technologies, LLC. Furnace Temperature and Atmosphere Influences on Producing Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) Powders for Lithium Ion Batteries. Retrieved from www.beltfurnaces.com on October 6, 2015.

SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Light weight Degrade faster if exposed to heat High energy density High initial cost Self discharge is low: 1% per month Life starts to degrade even with no use Does not have memory effect Low maintenance Sealed cells Environmentally friendly and recyclable Not fire hazard Lower lifetime cost A comparative study of Lithium-Ion Batteries; Mehul Oswal, Jason Paul and Runhua Zhao; University of Southern California; 07/05/2010.

SWOT Analysis Opportunities Threats A safe mobile power that can be used in many applications besides cars, example: residential PV systems, cranes The most significant threat is that the initial cost is high Enhance the usage of green energy technologies addressing instability problem The industry is weary of Lithium batteries due to a history of fire incidents. LiFePO4 Cathode Material; Borong Wu, Yonghuan Ren and Ning Li; School of Chemical Engineering and Environment; Beijing Institute of Technology; China. Lithium Ion and Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries, http://www.ece.gatech.edu/academic/courses/ece4007/11spring/ECE4007L01/ws4/deliverables/trp/LithiumIonAndLithiumIonPhosphateBatteries.pdf

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