STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT 1.Identify significant changes that occurred during Jefferson’s presidency. 2.Explain the causes and consequences of the War of Summarize the ways in which nationalism shaped American foreign policy.

Section 1 The Jeffersonian Era During the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, the country grows in both size and prestige. NEXT

Jefferson’s Presidency The Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson, Democratic-Republican, beats President John Adams Jefferson, Aaron Burr tie; House of Representatives breaks tie Twelfth Amendment separates ballots for president and vice-president The Jeffersonian Era 1 SECTION Continued... NEXT

THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA: SECTION 1 Election of 1800 pitted Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic- Republican Party vs. John Adams and his Federalist Party While Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 electoral votes, he tied his running mate, Aaron Burr For six days the House of Reps took vote after vote until 36 votes later – Jefferson prevailed (Led to 12 th Amendment) 3 rd President of the U.S

1800 Election Results

Jefferson’s Presidency The Jeffersonian Era 1 SECTION Continued... NEXT Simplifying the Government Jeffersonian republicanism—decentralized power; cut spending, taxes New pattern: Southern dominance, Northern Federalist decline Jefferson first president to take office in Washington D.C.

SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT  Jefferson’s theory of government, known as Jeffersonian Republicanism, held that simple, limited government was the best for the people  Jefferson decentralized the government, cut costs, reduce bureaucracy, and eliminate taxes Jefferson Memorial

John Marshall and the Supreme Court Marbury v. Madison: Jefferson says judges appointed by Adams invalid Chief Justice John Marshall declares part of Judiciary Act unconstitutional Judicial review—Supreme Court decides if laws are constitutional continued Jefferson’s Presidency 1 SECTION NEXT

JOHN MARSHALL & THE POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT Before leaving office, John Adams (2nd President), attempts to “pack” the Federal courts with Federalists Judges Jefferson argued this was unconstitutional Supreme Court Chief Justice Marshall rules in Marbury v. Madison (1803) that part of the Judicial Act was unconstitutional Established principle of Judicial Review – the ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

continued Jefferson’s Presidency 1 SECTION NEXT The Louisiana Purchase Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from France in Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase more than doubles size of U.S. Meriwether Lewis, William Clark lead expedition to Territory in 1804

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE By 1803, French leader Napoleon had abandoned his dreams of an American Empire He needed money to fight European wars, so he accepted Jefferson’s offered of $15,000,000 More than doubled the size of our country Lewis and Clark ordered to go explore new territory Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from France in Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase more than doubles size of U.S. Meriwether Lewis, William Clark lead expedition to Territory in 1804

MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT After two terms, Jefferson is succeeded by James Madison Madison was two-term President Known as the “Father of the Constitution, Madison also is known for his leadership during the War of th President

Madison and the War of 1812 The Causes of the War U.S. angered by British impressment— seizing, drafting U.S. sailors British arm Native Americans to fight settlers in West 1 SECTION NEXT Continued...

WAR OF 1812: The Causes of the War British “impressments” (seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into their navy) upset Americans The War: 1814 – British sack D.C. Burn White House Andrew Jackson leads great victory in New Orleans Treaty of Ghent signed, Christmas Eve, 1814 British Impressments of U.S. seamen upset Americans U.S. angered by British impressment —seizing, drafting U.S. sailors British arm Native Americans to fight settlers in West

Madison and the War of SECTION NEXT Continued... The Course of the War U.S. army unprepared; British sack and burn Washington, D.C. in 1814 Americans win Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 Treaty of Ghent peace agreement had been signed in December 1814

The Course of the War Despite the burning of the President’s mansion, the U.S. emerged strong U.S. army unprepared; British sack and burn Washington, D.C. in 1814 Americans win Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 Treaty of Ghent peace agreement had been signed in December 1814

continued Madison and the War of 1812 The Consequences of the War Three results of the war: - Federalist Party dies out; most members opposed war - American industries grow - status of U.S. as free and independent nation confirmed 1 SECTION NEXT

The Consequences of the War  End of the Federalist Party (opposed war)  Encouraged industries in U.S.  Confirmed status of U.S. as a strong, free, and independent nation The Federalist Party dies out. The Democratic Republicans rule un opposed.

Election of 1816 James Monroe succeeds James Madison as president 1 SECTION NEXT Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy

NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY Immediately, Nationalism clearly established as key concern of administration

1 SECTION NEXT Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy Territory and Boundaries Convention of 1818 fixes northern U.S. border at 49 th parallel Oregon Territory to be jointly held by U.S., Britain for ten years Adams-Onís Treaty transfers Florida to U.S., sets western border

Convention of 1818 fixes northern U.S. border at 49th parallel Oregon Territory to be jointly held by U.S., Britain for ten years Adams-Onís Treaty transfers Florida to U.S., sets western border

1 SECTION NEXT Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy The Monroe Doctrine Portugal, Spain want old colonies; Russia pushes south from Alaska Monroe Doctrine (1823) warns Europe not to interfere in Americas

THE MONROE DOCTRINE In the early 19 th Century, various European countries hinted at increased colonization In his 1823 address to Congress, Monroe made it clear to Europe: Don’t interfere with Western Hemisphere (Monroe Doctrine)

Monroe Doctrine: told European powers to stay out of the Americas.

Section 2 SECTION 2 Quarter

STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT 1.Describe the regional economic differences in the early United States. 2.Summarize tensions between national and sectional interests. 3.Examine the crucial issues and events of Andrew Jackson’s presidency. 4.Identify the presidents that followed Jackson and the challenges they faced.

Section 2 The Age of Jackson During a time of growing sectionalism, Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828 ushers in a new era of popular democracy. NEXT

Regional Economies Create Differences Early Industry in the United States Industrial Revolution begins in Britain and spreads to U.S. Textile mills open in New England, where farming is not profitable Market economy in North: farmers sell crops, buy factory goods The Age of Jackson 2 SECTION NEXT

THE AGE OF JACKSON: SECTION 2 During a time of growing Sectionalism, Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828, ushered in a new era of popular democracy

REGIONAL ECONOMIES CREATE DIFFERENCES The Northeast continued to develop industry while the South and West continued to be more agricultural The Industrial Revolution reached America by the early-mid 19 th century New England first to embrace factory system Especially in textile (fabric) mills

Regional Economies Create Differences The Age of Jackson 2 SECTION NEXT The South Remains Agricultural Eli Whitney’s cotton gin makes cotton production more profitable Need for more field laborers leads to growth of slavery

THE SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL Meanwhile, the South continued to grow as an agricultural power Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin (1793) made producing cotton even more profitable The South became a “Cotton Kingdom” More labor was needed – 1790 = 700,000 slaves 1820 = 1,500,000 slaves Cotton Gin quickly separated cotton fiber from seeds

BALANCING NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM

Clay’s American System Henry Clay promotes Madison’s economic plan as “American System”: - establishes tariff, recharters national bank - sponsors development of transportation systems to make travel easier John C. Calhoun gets Southern support for plan Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism 2 SECTION NEXT

Clay’s American System House Speaker Henry Clay’s American Plan called for a protective tariff, a National Bank, and an improved infrastructure to help travel HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT COMPROMISER

Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism 2 SECTION NEXT The Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise admits Missouri as slave state, Maine as free Divides Louisiana Territory: slavery legal in south, not in north

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE In 1818 settlers in Missouri applied for statehood Northerners and Southerners disagreed on whether Missouri should be admitted as a “free” state Henry Clay organized a compromise in which Missouri was “slave” but Maine would be “free” Also Louisiana Territory split at 36 30’ north latitude

MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820

1. Why did the House of Representatives support John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson? As speaker of the house, Henry Clay had great influence in Congress. Clay disliked and distrusted Jackson. Clay and the rest of Congress elected Adams to be president.

The Election of Andrew Jackson The Election of 1824 John Quincy Adams beats Andrew Jackson in presidential election Split between Clay, Jackson tears apart Democratic-Republican party 2 SECTION NEXT

The Election of 1824 In the 1824 election, won by John Quincy Adams, 350,000 white males voted Jackson, hero of the common man, won election in 1828 in part because the right to vote had been expanded to more citizens

The Election of Andrew Jackson 2 SECTION NEXT Expanding Democracy Changes Politics Andrew Jackson wins election (1828), has support of common people

Expanding Democracy Changes Politics In 1828, over 1,000,000 white males voted Many of the new voters supported the rugged westerner Jackson who also won re-election in 1832

The Spoils System Jacksonian democracy—ideal of political power for all classes Spoils system gives government jobs to supporters Jacksonian Democracy 2 SECTION NEXT

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY The Spoils System As part of his political philosophy, Jackson sought to grant political power to the common people Called The Spoils System or Jacksonian Democracy, Jackson hired his own supporters to replace the previous administration’s staff Jackson gave away many jobs to his friends and political allies

Jacksonian Democracy 2 SECTION NEXT The Indian Removal Act Indian Removal Act (1830) forces Native Americans off their lands Supreme Court rules Georgia cannot give orders to Cherokee (1832) Jackson disobeys court ruling

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT Congress, with Jackson’s support, passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 Under this law, the federal government funded treaties that forced tribes west The Cherokee Tribe in Georgia refused and were supported by the Supreme Court Jackson refused to abide by the Court decision Jackson said, “John Marshall (Supreme Court Chief Justice) has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”

Jacksonian Democracy 2 SECTION NEXT The Trail of Tears U.S. soldiers force Cherokee to march west along Trail of Tears

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT Trail of Tears followed the Court ruling as U.S. troops rounded up the Cherokee and drove them west, mostly on foot...thousands died The Trail of Tears U.S. soldiers force Cherokee to march west along Trail of Tears

INDIAN REMOVAL

2. What did the Indian Removal Act call for? The federal government would provide funds to negotiate treaties that would force Native Americans to move west.

NEXT Nullification and the Bank War The South Faces Economic Problems Rise in tariff lowers sale of British goods and Southern cotton South forced to buy expensive Northern goods 2 SECTION

The South Faces Economic Problems TARIFF OF “ABOMINATION ” In 1824 and again in 1828, Congress increased the Import Tariff of 1816 Southerners called the 1828 Tariff, “a Tariff of Abominations,” and blamed it for economic problems in the South THE NORTH THE SOUTH TARIFFS

NEXT Nullification and the Bank War 2 SECTION The Nullification Crisis Calhoun’s idea of nullification: states say if law is constitutional South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null; threatens secession Compromise bill lowers tariff, allows military to collect duties

THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS In an attempt to free South Carolina from the tariff, John Calhoun (Jackson’s VP from S.C.), developed the Theory of Nullification He believed if a state found an act of Congress to be unconstitutional, it could declare the law void within its borders Tensions only relieved by a Clay Compromise Tariff in 1833 South Carolina First to Secede

3. What was John C. Calhoun’s theory of nullification? Calhoun’s theory held that the U.S. Constitution was based on a compact among the sovereign states. Since the states never relinquished their sovereignty, each state retained the right to determine whether acts of Congress were constitutional. If a state decided an act was unconstitutional, it could nullify the act within its borders.

NEXT Nullification and the Bank War 2 SECTION Jackson’s Bank War Federal funds removed from Bank of the U.S.; put in pet state banks

The BANK War Jackson’s removed from Bank of the U.S. & put in pet state banks

JACKSON’S BANK WAR Jackson opposed National Bank so he created Pet Banks – so called because they were favored by Jackson’s Democrats Many felt Jackson was acting more like a King than a president In 1832, his opponents formed a new party – the Whigs

4. How did the style of politics change during the Age of Jackson? More Americans became involved in the political process. Also, the West was playing an increasing role in national politics.

NEXT Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy Election of 1836 Democrat Martin Van Buren wins election with Jackson’s support 2 SECTION

Election of 1836 In 1836, Democrat Martin Van Buren won the Presidency He inherited problems from the “Bank Wars” Jackson’s Pet Banks printed money without Gold backing MARTIN VAN BUREN

NEXT Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy 2 SECTION The Panic of 1837 Many pet banks print money in excess of gold and silver deposits Banks close, credit system collapses, 1/3 of population jobless

PANIC OF 1837 Jackson’s Pet Banks printed money without Gold backing In 1837 a panic set in and many banks closed, accounts went bankrupted, and unemployment soared

5. How did Jackson’s policies contribute to the Panic of 1837? Many of the pet banks that accepted federal deposits were wildcat banks that failed when people tried to redeem their currency for gold or silver.

NEXT Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy 2 SECTION Harrison and Tyler Van Buren loses in 1840 to Whig war hero William Henry Harrison Harrison dies; new president John Tyler opposes many Whig ideas 1840s, Democrats, Whigs dominate; political appeals become emotional

HARRISON Defeats Van Buren Whig William Henry Harrison defeated Democrat Van Buren in the election of 1840 Harrison, known as “Tippecanoe” for a battle he won against natives, died a month into his term HARRISON 1841

HARRISON DIES Whig William Henry Harrison died a month into his term, caught the flu. His VP, John Tyler became (ACTING) president TYLER

CHP3:2:A A – How did agriculture and industry support a market economy in the North? –Farmers produced livestock or specific crops that they sold in urban markets and then purchased goods that had been manufactured in Northern factories.

CHP3:2:A B – What was the intention behind the “American System”? –The “American System” was supposed to unite the nation’s economic interests and promote economic independence for the nation.

CHP3:2:A C – What agreements made up the Missouri Compromise? –Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. The rest of the Louisiana Territory was split into two parts at 36’ 30’ north latitude. South of the line slavery was legal. North of the line except for Missouri – slavery was banned.

CHP3:2:A D – How did the federal government initially try to enforce the Indian Removal Act? –The government tried to negotiate treaties that would force the Native Americans to sell their lands and resettle in the West.

CHP3:2:A E – What do you think might be the consequences of Calhoun’s nullification theory for federal-state relations? –Some might argue that nullification would weaken federal authority and lead to disunion. Others might say that it would merely return proper authority to the states.

CHP3:2:A F – What were some of Jackson’s reasons for opposing the Second Bank of the United States? –He thought the national bank was a tool of the upper classes and a threat to democracy.

CHP3:2:A G – How did “wildcats banks” contribute to the panic of 1837? –“Wildcat banks” printed paper currency in excess of the gold and silver necessary to back it up. Eventually, other banks stopped accepting that currency and the nation’s economy collapsed.