Eliminates products of metabolism including nitrogenous wastes Regulates water, pH and ion balance Kidneys present in all vertebrates, but exchanges can.

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Urinary System- Kidney Overall function – Osmoregulation (water, salt) – Nitrogenous waste in tetrapods – Ammonia in amphibians – Urea in mammals – Uric.
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Presentation transcript:

Eliminates products of metabolism including nitrogenous wastes Regulates water, pH and ion balance Kidneys present in all vertebrates, but exchanges can occur at gills, skin, liver, and specialized salt glands. Urinary system

Development is again used for comparisons among our different vertebrates Renal development in vertebrates Nephric ridge p.633

Nephron anatomy

Peritubular capillaries & renal portal system Glomerulus Peritubular capillaries Nephron p.635

Examination of larval or early vertebrate groups suggests nephrons evolved from pockets of coelum Nephron evolution

Pronephros (anterior)- Mesonephros (middle) - Metanephros (posterior) Kidney development and evolution developing metanephros

Pronephros - temporary, few tubules, possibly segmented. Non-functional in amniotes Archinephric duct - drains into cloaca Kidney development and evolution

Humans have a functioning mesonephros about 25 days after fertilization. When less than 5 mm long Kidney development and evolution Mouse w mesonephric duct

Mesonephros - develops posterior to pronephos, nephrons tap into archinephric duct First nephrons are segmental and associated with gonad Kidney development and evolution

Anamniotes: Opisthonephros = mesonephros + caudal nephrons Caudal kidney forms multiple nephrons, produces most urine Kidney development and evolution caudal end of shark kidney

In male sharks, cranial kidney has no glomeruli and conducts sperm from testes Middle kidney modified to secrete seminal fluid Kidney development and evolution Fig 21-12

Amniotes Metanephric kidney Kidney development and evolution

Amniotes: bladder, urethra develops from allantois Cloaca and bladder

Fate of cloaca in most mammals Urorectal septum urethra Cloaca and bladder

AmmoniaUreaUric acid Nitrogen excretion

Gradient for ammonia to leave Gradient for salt, H 2 O depends on environment Active uptake or excretion of salts Gill excretion

Tetrapods – with loss of gills, a method of waste removal is lost Endothermy – High metabolism increases nitrogenous waste, more nephrons needed Evolutionary trends

Tetrapods – need to concentrate urine Use uric acid Concentrate urea Evolutionary trends

Fate of cloaca in most mammals Urorectal septum urethra Cloaca and bladder

 Most birds, reptiles cannot concentrate urine in their kidney as mammals do  Concentration occurs in cloaca, reverse peristalsis to colon Reptile, bird excretion

Mammals and their lovely hypertonic urine

Medulla region extends to increase length of collecting ducts for reabsorption Desert mammals

Birds, reptiles can have accessory salt glands Sea mammals can excrete urine more concentrated than salt water Living with saltwater marine iguana

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