Medical Terminology Essentials – Chapter 14 The Digestive System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Objectives Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Name the parts of the digestive system Discuss the function of each part Define combining forms relate to the digestive system Define the major signs, symptoms and diseases. Name the common diagnostic procedures, and tests. Explain the meaning of common drug categories

Organs of the Digestive System

Structure and Function Digestive System: Also called: GI or gastrointestinal tract Alimentary canal Digestive Tract

Structure and Function Mouth: also called the oral cavity starts the process of digestion. Chewing and saliva break down the food and forms it into a soft mass called a bolus. The food is swallowed and a wave-like muscular contractions move the food down the esophagus

Structure and Function Stomach: (gastr/o) Muscular rings are located at the upper and lower ends of the stomach to allow the food to stay in the stomach so that digestion can continue. The upper ring is called the cardiac sphincter It also prevents food from moving back into the esophagus. The lower muscular ring is called the pyloric sphincter. Food in the stomach mixes with enzymes and acids as digestion proceeds

Structure and Function Small Intestine: The small intestine is made up of 3 parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum As digested food moves through the small intestine, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Structure and Function The Large Intestines: Cecum – first part of the large intestine Appendix – small worm-like structure hangs off the cecum Ascending colon - from the cecum, it goes up the right side of the abdomen At the liver it become the Transverse colon - extends across the abdomen Hepatic flexure

Structure and Function At the spleen it becomes the Descending colon - descends down the left side of the abdomen Splenic flexure Sigmoid colon - the last 1/3 of the descending colon Rectum – at the end of the sigmoid colon – it stores the feces Anal canal – large intestine from the rectum to the anus

Structure and Function Liver: (hepat/o) produces bile or gall which is the soap of the body because it breaks down fats. Gallbladder: (cholecyst/o) stores the bile Pancreas: (pancreat/o) functions as a digestive organ and an endocrine gland

Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning Abdonin(o) celi(o) an(o) append(o) Bil(i) Cec(o) abdomen abdomen anus appendix bile cecum

Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning Cheil(o) Chol(e) Cholangi(o) Cholecyst(o) Choledoch(o) Col(o); colon(o) lip Gall or bile bile duct gallbladder Common bile duct colon

Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning Enter(o) intestines Esophag(o) Gastr(o) Gloss(o) lingu/(o) Hepat(o) intestines esophagus stomach tongue tongue liver

Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning ile(o) lapar(o) lip(o) lith(o) mastic(o) or(o) ileum Abdominal wall fat stone chewing oral

Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning stomat(o) pancreat(o) peps(o); pepsia peritone(o) phag(o) pharyng(o) Opening, stoma pancreas digestion peritoneum Eat or swallow throat

Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning polyp(o) proct(o) pylor(o) rect(o) sial(o) polyp rectum pylorus rectum saliva

Symptoms, Signs & Diseases anorexia nervosa Morbid refusal to eat dysphagia Difficulty swallowing appendicitis Inflammation of the appendix bulimia Bingeing and purging of food cholecystitis Inflammation of the gall bladder cholelithiasis Gall stones

Symptoms, Signs & Diseases cirrhosis Liver disease related to alcoholism adenocarcinoma Malignant epithelial cell tumor constipation Difficult or infrequent defecation diarrhea Loose, watery stool dysentery Parasite or protozoa caused inflammation of the colon dyspepsia Indigestion dysphagia Difficulty swallowing

Symptoms, Signs & Diseases Enteritis Inflammation of the small intestines gastroesophageal reflux disease Retrograde flow of gastric acid into the esophagus gingivitis Inflammation of the gums hematemesis Bloody vomit hepatitis Inflammation of the liver hiatal hernia Protrusion of the stomach through the opening in the diaphragm

Symptoms, Signs & Diseases hyperemesis Excessive vomiting jaundice Yellowing of the skin D/T excessive bilirubin in the blood peritonitis Inflammation of the peritoneum polyp Small growth that projects from the mucus membranes Steatorrhea Fat in the stool ulcerative colitis Inflammation of the colon with ulceration

Medical and Surgical Procedures appendectomy Removal of the appendix cholescystectomy Removal of the gall bladder colostomy Creating an opening into the colon esophagoscopy Examination of the esophagus with an endoscope

Medical and Surgical Procedures sigmoidoscopy Examination of the sigmoid colon with an endoscope herniorrhaphy Surgical repair of a hernia gastroplasty Repair of the stomach polypectomy Removal of polpys

Drug Categories antacid Drug that neutralizes hydrochloric acid in the stomach - Maalox Hydrogen ion (H2) blockers Histamine H2 receptor antagonist - Tagamet Anti-emetic Prevents vomiting - Dramamine laxative A drug that promote bowel evacuation - Colace

What’s Next? The Endocrine System