Distributing Mobility Agents Hierarchically under Frequent Location Updates D. Forsberg, J.T. Malinen, J.K. Malinen, T. Weckström, M. Tiusanen TSE-Institute Telecommunications and Software Engineering Laboratory of Information Processing Science Helsinki University of Technology Finland H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Introduction a need to support efficient and seamless roaming with e.g. multimedia applications scaling mobility over the subnet boundaries independent of link-layer techniques real testbed, not only simulated testing environment for further ideas H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Our solution HA Home Network Mobile Node CN Internet FA4FA5 FA2 HFA1 FA1 FA3FA6 IEEE WLAN Foreign Network, FA hierarchy Mobile Node partly distributed HA functionality – ability to send registration replies – tunnel updates within the organization – private addresses may be used within the FA hierarchy H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Signaling scales to multiple levels of hierarchy –localized registration are only sent as high in the hierarchy as needed HA's binding lifetime updated separately (forced registration) tear-down (session key reset) potential race condition H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Security shared secret between HA and MN session key distribution and usage –session key used for localized registrations –HA as KDC –public key encryption or shared secret between HA and FA organization –local replay protection H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Localized location update CNHA Internet Home Network WLAN FA5 FA2 HFA1 FA1 FA3FA6 Mobile Node FA4 SFA FA4FA3 FA1 Foreign Network FA4 H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Localized location update CNHA Internet Home Network WLAN FA5 FA2 HFA1 FA1 FA4FA3FA6FA4 Mobile Node FA5 FA2 SFA FA2 FA5 FA1 FA4 HFA1 Foreign Network H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Feasible scenarios rapidly changing connection type (e.g. GPRS--WLAN) Need for optimized location updates vehicle connection multi-channel environment latency between FAs (e.g. radio links between access points) H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Testbed HA Home Network CNSwitch Delay host IEEE WLAN HFA1 FA1FA2 FA3 FA13FA14 FA4FA5 FA15 FA6 Organization 1, Foreign Network 1 Mobile Node IEEE WLAN HFA2 FA7FA8 FA9 FA16 FA10FA11FA12 Organization 2, Foreign Network 2 H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

wireless connection between the MN and the FAs –Lucent's IEEE compatible 2 Mbps WLAN adapters in ad hoc mode wired connections between mobility agents delay host to generate additional latency HA CNSwitch Delay host HFA1 FA2 FA3 FA13FA14 FA4 FA15 FA6 Organization 1, Foreign Network 1 FA1 Home Network IEEE WLAN FA5 Testbed H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY Mobile Node

two foreign networks a separate four node non- hierarchical configuration mobile node able to roam within and between the networks HA CNSwitch Delay host HFA1 FA2 FA3 FA13FA14 FA4 FA15 FA6 Organization 1, Foreign Network 1 FA1 Home Network IEEE WLAN FA5 Testbed H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY Mobile Node

HA & HFAs: Intel Pentium II and Pentium desktops lower FAs: 486-based embedded access points (Martnodes) MN: Intel Pentium II laptop all nodes running Linux 2.2 kernels HA CNSwitch Delay host HFA1 FA2 FA3 FA13FA14 FA4 FA15 FA6 Organization 1, Foreign Network 1 FA1 Home Network IEEE WLAN FA5 Testbed H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY Mobile Node

Test methods forced location updates handoff latency measured in the MN data throughput measured with netperf –maximum TCP throughput and paced UDP streams (about 1.4 Mbps) H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Tests, Handoff times HA Home Network CN Switch Delay host HFA1 FA2 FA3 FA13FA14 FA4FA5 FA15 FA6 Organization 1 IEEE WLAN HFA2 FA7FA8 FA9 FA16 FA10FA11FA12 Organization 2 FA1 H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Tests, Handoff times HA Home Network CN Switch Delay host HFA1 FA2 FA3 FA13FA14 FA4FA5 FA15 FA6 Organization 1 FA1 FA2 FA3FA5 FA13FA15 Location update latencies for some transitions H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

CN Switch Delay host HFA1 FA2 FA3 FA13FA14 FA4FA5 FA15 FA6 Organization 1 FA1 FA2 FA3FA5 FA13FA15 HA Home Network Tests, Handoff times H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Tests, Handoff times HA Home Network CN Switch Delay host HFA1 FA2 FA3 FA13FA14 FA4FA5 FA15 FA6 Organization 1 FA1 Location update latencies for some transitions FA1FA2 FA3FA4 FA13FA14 H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Tests,TCP, no latency H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Tests, UDP, no latency H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Tests, TCP, 100ms lat. H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Tests, UDP, 100ms lat. H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Discussion possible to extend Mobile IP to work with frequent local location updates possible to construct deeper hierarchies packets lost during tunnel establishment –can be optimized when soft handoff is used –performance sensitive to small changes in order of operations H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Conclusions hierarchical FA network has advantages over basic RFC 2002 operations our extensions can be useful in settings where latencies exist and fast mobility is required possibility to use private addresses H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Distributing Mobility Agents Hierarchically under Frequent Location Updates D. Forsberg, J.T. Malinen, J.K. Malinen, T. Weckström, M. Tiusanen TSE-Institute Telecommunications and Software Engineering Laboratory of Information Processing Science Helsinki University of Technology Finland H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY

Distributing Mobility Agents Hierarchically under Frequent Location Updates D. Forsberg, J.T. Malinen, J.K. Malinen, T. Weckström, M. Tiusanen {dforsber, jtm, jkmaline, tweckstr, WWW H ELSINKI U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY