PowerPoint™ Presentations prepared by: Naomi Young University of California, San Diego Human Communication: The Basic Course Twelfth Edition Joseph A. DeVito Hunter College of the City University of New York

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3 Chapter Goals Learn About:   Language and how it influences us   Ways that speakers use to rehearse and deliver their speeches   The various methods of presentation and how to use your voice and bodily action to greatest advantage   The role of criticism in public speaking Learn To:   Use language to best achieve purposes   Rehearse your speech efficiently   Deliver your speech with maximum impact   Criticize speeches constructively Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Step 8: Word Your Speech Oral Style is…  Different from written style  Listeners hear a speech only once  Speech must be instantly intelligible  Shorter, simpler, more familiar words

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Choosing Words  Clarity –Be economical –Use specific terms and numbers –Use signposts –Use short, familiar terms –Carefully assess idioms

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vividness  Active verbs  Strong verbs  Figures of speech  Imagery

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Visual Imagery  Create ‘word’ pictures of people or objects  Use auditory imagery  Use tactile imagery

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figures of Speech  Alliteration  Hyperbole  Irony  Metaphor  Synecdoche  Metonymy  Antithesis  Simile  Personification  Rhetorical Questions

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Appropriateness  Level of formality  Avoid unfamiliar terms  Avoid slang  Avoid ethnic expressions

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Personal Style  Use personal pronouns  Use questions  Create immediacy – Use personal examples – Address audience as “you” – Reinforce or complement audience

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Create Immediacy  Refer directly to commonalities between you and the audience  Refer to shared experiences and goals

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Forcefulness/Power  Eliminate weakeners – Avoid hesitations – Avoid using too many intensifiers – Avoid tag questions – Avoid self-critical statements – Slang and vulgar expressions  Vary intensity as appropriate –Avoid bromides and clichés

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Phrasing Sentences  Use short sentences  Use direct sentences  Use active sentences  Use positive sentences  Vary types of sentences

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Step 9: Rehearse Your Speech  Rehearse as a whole  Time speech  Approximate actual situation  See yourself as speaker  Incorporate changes  Rehearse often

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Undertake a Long Term Delivery Improvement Program 1. Seek feedback 2. Learn the differences between effective and ineffective patterns 3. Seek additional feedback 4. Consult resources for practice exercises on volume, rate, pitch, and quality 5. See a speech clinician 6. Seek professional help if you’re uncomfortable with any aspect of your voice or bodily action

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Step 10: Present Your Speech Effective Presentation -  Comfortable  Consistent  Interesting

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Methods of Presentation  Impromptu  From manuscript  From memory  Extemporaneously

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Making Your Presentation More Effective  Be natural  Use presentation style to reinforce your message  Dress appropriately  Vary your presentation  Be conversational  Be expressive  Avoid common mistakes  Use notes appropriately

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Voice  Voice – Volume – Rate – Pitch

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Articulation and Pauses Articulation  Omission  Substitution  Addition of sounds or syllables  Accent  Pronunciations of silent sounds Pauses  Filled  Unfilled  Vocalized Pauses - er, um, ah, well, and ‘you know’

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pronunciation  Mispronouncing words in public speaking may significantly damage your credibility  Errors of accent  Errors of pronouncing silent sounds

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Bodily Action  Eye contact  Facial expression  Posture  Gestures  Movement  Proxemics

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Handling Audience Questions  Anticipate likely questions and prepare answers  Encourage questions  Maintain eye contact  Pause before answering  If a question is deemed personal, respond that question is not relevant to topic  If appropriate, thank the questioner or note that it’s a good question  If you’re asked a question and don’t know the answer, say so  Q&A sessions can connect with main points  Don’t allow one person to dominate

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Criticizing Speeches  What is criticism?  Culture and criticism  Guidelines for effective criticism –Don’t express negative evaluation in public –Don’t prove someone wrong –Don’t correct someone’s errors –Don’t ask difficult questions

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Knowledge to Action Think of a speech you have heard and something you will do to overcome some of the flaws in the delivery of that speech.