Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration

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Presentation transcript:

Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration

Neuron-to-Neuron Synapses Figure 8.1 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Anatomy of a Synapse Figure 8.2a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Communication Across a Synapse Action potential Voltage-gated Ca channels open Calcium triggers exocytosis NT diffuses and binds to receptor Response in cell Response terminated by removing neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft Degradation Reuptake Diffusion Figure 8.2b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Signal Transduction at Synapses Figure 8.3a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Signal Transduction at Synapses Slow, G-protein direct coupling to channel Figure 8.3b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Signal Transduction at Synapses Slow, second messenger system Figure 8.3c Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fast Response EPSP Figure 8.4a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Slow Response EPSP Figure 8.4b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Inhibitory Synapses Neurotransmitter binds to receptor Channels for either K or Cl open If K channels open K moves out  IPSP If Cl channels open, either Cl moves in  IPSP Cl stabilizes membrane potential Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

IPSPs Are Graded Potentials Higher frequency of action potentials More neurotransmitter released More neurotransmitter binds to receptors to open (or close) channels Greater increase (or decrease) ion permeability Greater (or lesser) ion flux Greater hyperpolarization Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Inhibitory Synapse: K+ Channels Figure 8.5 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Inhibitory Synapse: Cl- Channels Figure 8.6a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Inhibitory Synapse: Cl- Channels Figure 8.6b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Membrane Potential Stabilization Figure 8.6c Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Divergence and Convergence Figure 8.7 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Neural Integration The summing of input from various synapses at the axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron to determine whether the neuron will generate action potentials Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Temporal Summation Figure 8.8a–b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Spatial Summation Figure 8.8a, c Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Frequency Coding The degree of depolarization of axon hillock is signaled by the frequency of action potentials Summation affects depolarization Summation therefore influences frequency of action potentials Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

IV. Presynaptic Modulation The regulation of communication across a synapse Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Presynaptic Modulation Asoaxonic synapses function as modulatory synapses Presynaptic facilitation Presynaptic inhibition Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Presynaptic Facilitation Figure 8.9a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Presynaptic Inhibition Figure 8.9b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Synaptic Function Comparison Axoaxonic Excite or inhibit one synapse Selective Axodendritic and axosomatic Excite or inhibit postsynaptic neuron Nonselective Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.