DNA Pretest! Yes, I know I am a little late… Take out a separate sheet of paper Name Date Period DNA Pretest

Warm Up: 11/4 Name the three parts of a nucleotide What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines? Classify each of the four nitrogenous bases as either a purine or a pyrimidine.

DNA Structure Practice 1. Create 18 nucleotides! 4 with Adenine 4 with Thymine 5 with Guanine 5 with Cytosine 2. Create a strand in the following order: (5’)ATGGTGCAC(3’)

DNA Structure Practice 1. Create 18 nucleotides! 4 with Adenine 4 with Thymine 5 with Guanine 5 with Cytosine 2. Create a strand in the following order: (5’)ATGGTGCAC(3’) 3. Create the Complementary strand! Indicate the 5’ and 3’ ends on both your strands!

DNA Structure Practice Problems You analyze your DNA sample and find that you have 30% adenine, how much thymine do you have in your sample? How much cytosine and guanine would your sample contain? You analyze a different DNA sample and find that you have 20% cytosine, how much thymine is in your sample? You have a DNA strand that reads 5’ ACCTAGCCATCGGCC 3’ what would the complementary base sequence be? Make sure to indicate which end is 5’ and which end is 3’.

Some DNA vocabulary A portion of DNA that codes for a protein is called a GENE!

RNA Ribonucleic Acid ◦ Bases include Adenine, Cytosine, Glycine and Uracil ◦ Typically single stranded ◦ Typically much shorter than DNA  WHY? Because a mRNA sequence typically codes for one gene….tRNA and rRNA are shorter due to their function

RNA Three main types ◦ mRNA (messenger RNA)  Carries instructions from a gene to make a protein.

RNA Three main types ◦ mRNA (messenger RNA) ◦ rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)  Makes up part of the ribosome along with proteins

RNA Three main types ◦ mRNA (messenger RNA) ◦ rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) ◦ tRNA (transfer RNA)  Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein

RNA Three main types ◦ mRNA (messenger RNA) ◦ rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) ◦ tRNA (transfer RNA)

RNA Review Video zX1k8M

DNA vs. RNA Review Questions 1. Type of Nucleic Acid that is single stranded 2. Types of Nuclei

Central Dogma DNA to mRNA to Protein

DNA to Protein Transcription: DNA to mRNA

DNA to Protein Transcription: DNA to mRNA The m stands for Messenger!

DNA to Protein Transcription: DNA to mRNA 1. RNA Polymerase binds to the promoter region of the DNA

DNA to Protein Transcription: DNA to mRNA 1. RNA Polymerase binds to the promoter region of the DNA 2. RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides to the mRNA strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction (meaning mRNA is built 5’ to 3’)

DNA to Protein Transcription: DNA to mRNA 1. RNA Polymerase binds to the promoter region 2. RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides to the mRNA strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction (meaning mRNA is built 5’ to 3’) 3. This continues until the terminator signal (stop codon) is reached.

Lets Practice Transcription! Take your 3’ to 5’ template strand and transcribe it! 3’ TACCACGTG 5’ As you build your mRNA make sure that you use the proper sugars and the proper nitrogenous bases!!!

DNA Structure Practice Problems You analyze your DNA sample and find that you have 30% adenine, how much thymine do you have in your sample? How much cytosine and guanine would your sample contain? You analyze a different DNA sample and find that you have 20% cytosine, how much thymine is in your sample? You have a DNA strand that reads 5’ ACCTAGCCATCGGCC 3’ what would the complementary base sequence be? Make sure to indicate which end is 5’ and which end is 3’. Transcription Practice Problems Transcribe the following DNA sequence to mRNA 3’ TACGGATTCAGT 5’. Make sure to indicate which end is 5’ and which end is 3’. Transcribe the following DNA sequence to mRNA 3’ TACACTCCGCAGACT 5’. Make sure to indicate which end is 5’ and which end is 3’. What enzyme speeds up the formation of mRNA in transcription? Where does the enzyme bind to? What portion of the DNA is transcribed? How is it indicated that transcription should stop?

DNA to Protein Translation Initiation: The mRNA, ribosome and tRNA’s get together with the help of enzymes

DNA to Protein Translation Initiation: The mRNA, ribosome and tRNA’s get together with the help of enzymes ◦ tRNA contains an anticodon: three nucleotides on the tRNA that are complementary (match up with) the mRNA

DNA to Protein Translation Initiation: The mRNA, ribosome and tRNA’s get together with the help of enzymes ◦ The start codon (methionine) is the first to go through

DNA to Protein Translation Elongation: A polypeptide chain is formed. ◦ tRNA’s with the proper anticodon match up with the mRNA. ◦ They move through the ribosome,

DNA to Protein Translation Termination ◦ Process stops when a stop codon is reached

DNA to Protein Translation Termination ◦ Process stops when a stop codon is reached Disassembly Polypeptide (protein) is released as the three types of RNA separate

Protein Synthesis Videos UUVHPQM Xt4MrOM

Lets Practice Translation Take your mRNA strand and translate it! ◦ Use the transfer RNA anticodons as a check ◦ If you cannot find the amino acid you are looking for you may have made a mistake…. Show Ms. Spencer the process when you have completed it!

Codon Bingo (Can Repeat!!!!) 1. alanine 2. glutamate 3. leucine 4. serine 5. arginine 6. glutamine 7. lysine 8. tryptophan 9. asparagines 10. glycine 11. methionine 12. tyrosine 13. aspartate 14. histidine 15. phenylalanine 16. threonine 17. cysteine 18. isoleucine 19. proline 20. valine 21. stop

DNA Replication Think – Pair – Share When do cells need to replicate their DNA?

DNA Replication Think – Pair – Share When do cells need to replicate their DNA? Cell Division! Prokaryotes: Binary Fission Eukaryotes: Mitosis and Meiosis

DNA Replication 1. Helicases separate DNA strands, this creates a replication fork

DNA Replication 1. Helicases separate DNA strands 2. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the strand

DNA Replication 1. Helicases separate DNA strands 2. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the strand 3. DNA polymerase finishes replicating and falls off, two separate DNA molecules result

DNA Replication 1. Helicases separate DNA strands 2. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the strand 3. DNA polymerase finishes replicating and falls off, two separate DNA molecules result 4. Each new DNA has one original DNA strand and one new DNA strand, this is called semi-conservative replication

DNA is made in the 5’ to 3’ direction That means that the leading stand can copy uniformly, the lagging strand is copied in segments, these segments are called Okazaki fragments

DNA Replication 1. Helicases separate DNA strands, this creates a replication fork

DNA Replication Videos Okazaki Fragments: