Topic – 04

Part I Developing research methodology: from conceptual modeling to econometrics modeling An example Organizational justice (OJ) and job satisfaction (JS) If research question is: Whether OJ affects employees’ JS OJ i  JS JS = f(OJ i ) = F(DJ, PJ, IJ, InJ)

If research question is: Whether education (ED) moderates OJ – JS relationship ED OJ i JS JS = f(OJ i, ED, OJ i x ED)

If research question is: Whether experience (EX) mediates OJ – JS relationship OJ i EX JS EX = f(DJ, PJ, IJ, InJ) JS = f(DJ, PJ, IJ, InJ, EX)

Part II Data collection methods

Collecting secondary data (secondary/published sources)

Questionnaire: how to use Figure 11.1 Types of questionnaire

Opinion variable: This type of variable records what respondents feel about something or what they think or believe is true or false (opinion). Example: How do you feel about the following statement? ‘Financial advisors should place their clients’ interest before their own’. Behavior variable: This type of variable records what respondents actually do (behavior). Example: How often do you place your clients’ interest before your own? Attribute variable: Variable that records data about respondents’ characteristics, in other words things they possess, such as age, gender, marital status, education, occupation and income. Example: How old are you?

When designing individual questions, researchers can adopt one of the three techniques, namely: Adopt questions used in other questionnaires Adapt questions used in other questionnaires Develop their own questions (Bourque and Clark, 1994; Saunders et al., 2011, p.374)

Types of individual questions Open-ended questions Question allowing respondents to give answers in their own way. Close-ended questions Question that provides a number of alternative answers from which the respondent is instructed to choose. Types of closed-questions List questions{ Category questions{Examples Ranking questions{on the Scale or rating questions{next Quantity-questions{slides Grid questions{

Open questions Please list up to three things you like about your job 1………………………………………… 2………………………………………… 3…………………………………………

List questions What is your religion? Please tick the appropriate box Buddhist  None  Christian  Other  Hindu  Jewish  Muslim  Sikh 

Category questions How often do you visit the shopping centre? Interviewer: listen to the respondent’s answer and tick as appropriate  First visit  Once a week  Less than fortnightly to once a month  2 or more times a week  Less than once a week to fortnightly  Less often

Ranking questions Please number each of the factors listed below in order of importance to you in choosing a new car. Number the most important 1, the next 2 and so on. If a factor has no importance at all, please leave blank. FactorImportance Carbon dioxide emissions [ ] Size [ ] Depreciation [ ] Price [ ] )

Rating questions For the following statement please tick the box that matches your view most closely Agree Tend to agree Tend to disagree Disagree I feel employees’     views have influenced the decisions taken by management )

Quantity questions What is your year of birth? (For example, for 1988 write: )

Questions & Questionnaire: design

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

Bad Question: Recall; Dependent

Bad: Double Barreled

Bad: Loaded question; an emotional issue for women

Bad: Social Desirability; Suggestive

Bad Question: Leading or Suggestive Que stion

Good Question: No problem with the wording

Question wording ‘Checklist for question wording’ given in Box 10.1 (attached) helps avoid the most obvious problems associated with wording

Question ordering ‘Checklist for question order’ given in Box 10.2 (attached) helps arrange questions in a logical order

Questionnaire layout ‘Checklist for questionnaire layout’ given in Box 10.3 (attached) helps frame an appropriate layout of questionnaire