Learning

Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior)

Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation Neutral Stimulus = Tone Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone  When paired with the unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response (CR) = Salivation to tone

Example

Father spanks son for swearing. Son develops a strong fear of his father. Father is a(n) _____________?  Conditioned stimulus

Classical Conditioning Acquisition Extinction  Patient riding elevators to extinguish fear of elevators

Spontaneous recovery

Generalization

Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior) Associating behavior with its consequences E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to receive a fish.

Reinforcement Positive reinforcement  Give something a person wants  Increases behavior E.g. Mother picking up a crying baby  (Increases crying because of reinforcement) Negative reinforcement  Remove an unwanted stimulus E.g. Sally has a drink after work to relieve (remove) her anxiety

Pos. & Neg. Reinforcement

Primary & Secondary reinforcers Primary = Innately reinforcing  Food & Sex Secondary reinforcers (Conditioned reinforcer)  Associated with a primary reinforcer  E.g. Money

Immediate Reinforcement Sally is more influenced by the current thrill on having sex, than by the future prospect of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted disease. As opposed to delayed reinforcement  A Paycheck at the end of the month.

Reinforcement schedules Continuous  Every time Partial (Intermittent)  Fixed ratio $15 for every 3 pages you write  Variable ratio $15 after varying # of pages (You do not know how many pages you will need to do before you get paid again)  Fixed Interval $15 for every hour you work  Variable interval $15 given at various times during the day

Reinforcement Schedules

Overjustification effect Rewarding someone for doing something they already enjoy may cause them to lose their intrinsic interest in the task.  Rewarding an already justifiable activity becomes “overjustified” because of the additional reward.

Punishment Positive punishment  Get something you don’t want ( a spanking) Negative punishment  What you do want is taken away ( Television time) Problem with punishment  Creates anger, fear, resistance  Less effective than positive reinforcers to promote desirable behavior.

Punishment

Shaping Cookies to reinforce quiet play M&M therapy

Observational Learning Albert Bandura E.g. Child turning the key to start the car  (without explicit training) Matt using the ATM machine after watching Dad Modeling