Thermochemistry Chapter 6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. PowerPoint Lecture Presentation by J. David Robertson University of Missouri

Energy is the capacity to do work Radiant energy comes from the sun and is earth’s primary energy source Thermal energy is the energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules Chemical energy is the energy stored within the bonds of chemical substances Nuclear energy is the energy stored within the collection of neutrons and protons in the atom Potential energy is the energy available by virtue of an object’s position 6.1

Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions Temperature is a measure of the thermal energy C 40 0 C greater thermal energy 6.2 Temperature = Thermal Energy

Thermochemistry is the study of heat change in chemical reactions. The system is the specific part of the universe that is of interest in the study. open mass & energyExchange: closed energy isolated nothing SYSTEMSURROUNDINGS 6.2

Exothermic process is any process that gives off heat – transfers thermal energy from the system to the surroundings. Endothermic process is any process in which heat has to be supplied to the system from the surroundings. 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O (l) + energy H 2 O (g) H 2 O (l) + energy energy + 2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O 2 (g) 6.2 energy + H 2 O (s) H 2 O (l)

ExothermicEndothermic 6.2

Thermodynamics State functions are properties that are determined by the state of the system, regardless of how that condition was achieved. Potential energy of hiker 1 and hiker 2 is the same even though they took different paths. energy, pressure, volume, temperature 6.3  E = E final - E initial  P = P final - P initial  V = V final - V initial  T = T final - T initial

First law of thermodynamics – energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.  E system +  E surroundings = 0 or  E system = -  E surroundings C 3 H 8 + 5O 2 3CO 2 + 4H 2 O Exothermic chemical reaction! 6.3 Chemical energy lost by combustion = Energy gained by the surroundings system surroundings

Another form of the first law for  E system 6.3  E = q + w  E is the change in internal energy of a system q is the heat exchange between the system and the surroundings w is the work done on (or by) the system w = -P  V when a gas expands against a constant external pressure

Work Done On the System 6.3 w = Fd w = -P  V P x V = x d 3 = Fd = w F d2d2  V > 0 -P  V < 0 w sys < 0 Work is not a state function!  w = w final - w initial initialfinal

A sample of nitrogen gas expands in volume from 1.6 L to 5.4 L at constant temperature. What is the work done in joules if the gas expands (a) against a vacuum and (b) against a constant pressure of 3.7 atm? w = -P  V (a)  V = 5.4 L – 1.6 L = 3.8 L P = 0 atm W = -0 atm x 3.8 L = 0 Latm = 0 joules (b)  V = 5.4 L – 1.6 L = 3.8 L P = 3.7 atm w = -3.7 atm x 3.8 L = Latm w = Latm x J 1Latm = J 6.3

Chemistry in Action: Making Snow  E = q + w q = 0 w < 0,  E < 0  E = C  T  T < 0, SNOW! Joule-Thomson Effect

Joule-Thomson Effect Cooling of a gas when it expands Examples: Universe cooled down since big bang upon expansion Artificial Snow Making Cool feeling on palm when blowing air out with a small mouth hole Tire air or nozzle getting hot when air is compressed Proto stars being heated upon contracting

Enthalpy and the First Law of Thermodynamics 6.4  E = q + w  E =  H - P  V  H =  E + P  V q =  H and w = -P  V At constant pressure:

Enthalpy (H) is used to quantify the heat flow into or out of a system in a process that occurs at constant pressure.  H = H (products) – H (reactants)  H = heat given off or absorbed during a reaction at constant pressure H products < H reactants  H < 0 H products > H reactants  H > 0 6.4

Thermochemical Equations H 2 O (s) H 2 O (l)  H = 6.01 kJ Is  H negative or positive? System absorbs heat Endothermic  H > kJ are absorbed for every 1 mole of ice that melts at 0 0 C and 1 atm. 6.4

Thermochemical Equations CH 4 (g) + 2O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O (l)  H = kJ Is  H negative or positive? System gives off heat Exothermic  H < kJ are released for every 1 mole of methane that is combusted at 25 0 C and 1 atm. 6.4

H 2 O (s) H 2 O (l)  H = 6.01 kJ The stoichiometric coefficients always refer to the number of moles of a substance Thermochemical Equations If you reverse a reaction, the sign of  H changes H 2 O (l) H 2 O (s)  H = kJ If you multiply both sides of the equation by a factor n, then  H must change by the same factor n. 2H 2 O (s) 2H 2 O (l)  H = 2 x 6.01 = 12.0 kJ 6.4

H 2 O (s) H 2 O (l)  H = 6.01 kJ The physical states of all reactants and products must be specified in thermochemical equations. Thermochemical Equations 6.4 H 2 O (l) H 2 O (g)  H = 44.0 kJ How much heat is evolved when 266 g of white phosphorus (P 4 ) burn in air? P 4 (s) + 5O 2 (g) P 4 O 10 (s)  H = kJ 266 g P 4 1 mol P g P 4 x 3013 kJ 1 mol P 4 x = 6470 kJ

A Comparison of  H and  E 2Na (s) + 2H 2 O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + H 2 (g)  H = kJ/mol  E =  H - P  V At 25 0 C, 1 mole H 2 = 24.5 L at 1 atm P  V = 1 atm x 24.5 L = 2.5 kJ  E = kJ/mol – 2.5 kJ/mol = kJ/mol 6.4

The specific heat (s) of a substance is the amount of heat (q) required to raise the temperature of one gram of the substance by one degree Celsius. The heat capacity (C) of a substance is the amount of heat (q) required to raise the temperature of a given quantity (m) of the substance by one degree Celsius. C = ms Heat (q) absorbed or released: q = ms  t q = C  t  t = t final - t initial 6.5

Why do you often burn mouth ceiling eating pizza ? Which has a larger specific heat, the upper cheese/sour part or the lower bread part ?

How much heat is given off when an 869 g iron bar cools from 94 0 C to 5 0 C? s of Fe = J/g 0 C  t = t final – t initial = 5 0 C – 94 0 C = C q = ms  t = 869 g x J/g 0 C x –89 0 C= -34,000 J 6.5

Constant-Volume Calorimetry No heat enters or leaves! q sys = q water + q bomb + q rxn q sys = 0 q rxn = - (q water + q bomb ) q water = ms  t q bomb = C bomb  t 6.5 Reaction at Constant V  H ~ q rxn  H = q rxn

Constant-Pressure Calorimetry No heat enters or leaves! q sys = q water + q cal + q rxn q sys = 0 q rxn = - (q water + q cal ) q water = ms  t q cal = C cal  t 6.5 Reaction at Constant P  H = q rxn

6.5

Chemistry in Action: Fuel Values of Foods and Other Substances C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) + 6O 2 (g) 6CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O (l)  H = kJ/mol 1 cal = J 1 Cal = 1000 cal = 4184 J

Because there is no way to measure the absolute value of the enthalpy of a substance, must I measure the enthalpy change for every reaction of interest? Establish an arbitrary scale with the standard enthalpy of formation (  H 0 ) as a reference point for all enthalpy expressions. f Standard enthalpy of formation (  H 0 ) is the heat change that results when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements at a pressure of 1 atm. f The standard enthalpy of formation of any element in its most stable form is zero.  H 0 (O 2 ) = 0 f  H 0 (O 3 ) = 142 kJ/mol f  H 0 (C, graphite) = 0 f  H 0 (C, diamond) = 1.90 kJ/mol f 6.6

The standard enthalpy of reaction (  H 0 ) is the enthalpy of a reaction carried out at 1 atm. rxn aA + bB cC + dD H0H0 rxn d  H 0 (D) f c  H 0 (C) f = [+] - b  H 0 (B) f a  H 0 (A) f [+] H0H0 rxn n  H 0 (products) f =  m  H 0 (reactants) f  Hess’s Law: When reactants are converted to products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps. (Enthalpy is a state function. It doesn’t matter how you get there, only where you start and end.)

Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CS 2 (l) given that: C (graphite) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g)  H 0 = kJ rxn S (rhombic) + O 2 (g) SO 2 (g)  H 0 = kJ rxn CS 2 (l) + 3O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 2SO 2 (g)  H 0 = kJ rxn 1. Write the enthalpy of formation reaction for CS 2 C (graphite) + 2S (rhombic) CS 2 (l) 2. Add the given rxns so that the result is the desired rxn. rxn C (graphite) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g)  H 0 = kJ 2S (rhombic) + 2O 2 (g) 2SO 2 (g)  H 0 = x2 kJ rxn CO 2 (g) + 2SO 2 (g) CS 2 (l) + 3O 2 (g)  H 0 = kJ rxn + C (graphite) + 2S (rhombic) CS 2 (l)  H 0 = (2x-296.1) = 86.3 kJ rxn 6.6

Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and liquid water. How much heat is released per mole of benzene combusted? The standard enthalpy of formation of benzene is kJ/mol. 2C 6 H 6 (l) + 15O 2 (g) 12CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O (l) H0H0 rxn n  H 0 (products) f =  m  H 0 (reactants) f  - H0H0 rxn 6  H 0 (H 2 O) f 12  H 0 (CO 2 ) f = [+] - 2  H 0 (C 6 H 6 ) f [] H0H0 rxn = [ 12x– x–187.6 ] – [ 2x49.04 ] = kJ kJ 2 mol = kJ/mol C 6 H 6 6.6

The enthalpy of solution (  H soln ) is the heat generated or absorbed when a certain amount of solute dissolves in a certain amount of solvent.  H soln = H soln - H components 6.7 Which substance(s) could be used for melting ice? Which substance(s) could be used for a cold pack?

The Solution Process for NaCl  H soln = Step 1 + Step 2 = 788 – 784 = 4 kJ/mol 6.7

If Lattice Energy < Hydration Energy, then, Exothermic If Lattice Energy > Hydration Energy, then, Endothermic