The endpoint of massive stars in binaries: singlets, doublets? Triplets! Maurice HPM van Putten MIT-LIGO Kerr Fest, August , Christchurch, NZ Amir Levinson (TAU) Eve C. Ostriker (Maryland) Tania Regimbau (CNRS,Nice) Hyun Kyu Lee (Hanyang) Michele Punturo (Virgo,INFN) Gregory M. Harry (MIT-LIGO) David Coward (UWA) Ronald Burman (UWA) M.H.P.M. van Putten, A. Levinson, H.-K. Lee, T. Regimbau, M. Puntoro, G.M. Harry, Phys. Rev. D., 69, LIGO

BATSE Group, NASA

Vela/Konus ( ) Vela GRB (Klebesadel & Olson) LIGO

BATSE on CGRO ( )

LIGO

Beppo-Sax (Italian-Dutch, ) LIGO X-ray and optical transients to GRB z=0.695 E. Costa et al. Nature 1997 J. van Paradijs et al. Nature 1997

were PREDICTED, confirming shocked fireball models or ultrarelativistic ejecta from compact sources Paczynski and Rhoads 1993 Katz 1994 Rees and Meszaros 1993

Geometrical beaming LIGO t E1 E2 E3 L

Harrison et al Frail et al E52-54

Harrison et al Beaming factor about 500 E50-51 Frail et al. 2001

T. Galama et al. Nature 1998 Very dim GRB… No evidence of beaming… GRB / SN1998bw

Stanek, K., et al., 2003 Garnavich et al. 2003, Hjorth et al GRB030329/SN2003dh (z=0.168, D=800Mpc) GRB980425/SN1998bw (z=0.008, D=37Mpc) GRB association to supernovae

GRBs are locked to the star-formation rate LIGO

Nomoto-Iwamoto-Suzuki sequence Type IIb Type Ib Type Ic (H-rich) (H-poor) (H,He-poor) decreasing binary separation, removal of H- and He-envelope LIGO

Cappellaro, Barbon & Turatto 2003 Ia Ib/c II All 0.27(3) 0.11(3) 0.53(7) 0.91(8) [1e-11 MSolar/100yr (H/75)^2] SNIb/c about 1 in 5 SNII LIGO

Porciani & Madau 2001 Frail et al Van Putten & Regimbau 2001 LIGO

Mirabel & Rodriques 1992 Active nuclei LIGO

Van Putten 1996

B Active nucleus LIGO

“The bag” Van Putten, Science, 1999 Bag of closed field-lines Spin-connection by open field-lines “turbulent shear flow in the torus resulting from the powerful torques acting on it”

PSR + PSR - BH PSR Spin-up PSR Spin-down Asymptotic infinity Spin-up and down of a torus by equivalence to PSRs Suspended accretion: balance of competing torques on inner and outer face van Putten & Ostriker 2001, van Putten & Levinson, 2003

Open ergotube subtended by black hole-event horizon LIGO van Putten Phys. Rep. 2001, van Putten & Levinson, 2003

Spin-orbit coupling to charged particles B

van Putten, 2000, PRL, 84, 3752; 2004, subm. Frame-dragging * angular momentum INT Workshop July , Seattle

van Putten, 2000, PRL, 84, 3752; 2004, subm. A no-boundary mechanism for ejection of blobs (‘pancakes’)

Curvature-spin coupling

=0 Papapetrou (1951), Pirani (1956)

Spin-curvature coupling Integral of force by curvature-spin coupling

van Putten & Levinson, 2003 Continuous Jet In the Poynting-flux dominated limit of Blandford-Znajek 1977

March Van Putten & Levinson 2002 LIGO

M a b m=1 M a b m=2 LIGO Theory of linear GWs agrees with obs to within 0.1% in PSR : Nobel Prize 1993 Black-hole blob binary (b/a < ), blob-blob binary (b/a<0.3260): f=twice orbital frequency b/a=0: Papaloizou-Pringle 1984; b/a>0: Van Putten 2002

Modeling GRB-SNe from rotating black holes LIGO Plus torus winds and MeV neutrinos

Kerr line (J=M^2) Disk line Nucleation Time Surge Next? Centered Nucleation Van Putten, 2004 LIGO

Time Radiatie spin-down against emission of GWs by spin-connection to non-axisymmetric torus Synchronous BH-Torus spin Spin-up or Spin-down Spin-up by continuing accretion (Bardeen 1970) LIGO binary period (dimensionless units) Van Putten, 2004

Most Ib/c events decentered: failed GRBs! Centered nucleation on free-fall time scale Most black holes leave high-density core prematurely by Bekenstein’s gravitational radiation recoil mechanism (1973) (XRFs?)

SNe with X-ray line-emissions LIGO

Decentered Centered GRB Radiatively driven SN Davies et al van Putten et al. 2004

BIG MAC ‘‘ ’’ The hunting of the snark (Lewis Carroll 1876)

Nutritional information Serving size 1 Solar Mass Serving size per pack 5-14 per serving per pack Energy 6e46 J 4e47 J Fat total 2e47 J 1e48 J Sugars 0 0 All Else 0 0 A Prime Quality New Zealand Product

Measuring nutritional content BIG MAC +- Voltage = angular velocity Energy = angular velocity * angular momentum

Present: Measure voltages V BATTERY X-ray lines in disks Wilms et al Fabian et al Miller et al. 2002, 2004 Miniutti, Fabian and Miller 2004 Andy Fabian, this meeting

Soon: Perform calorimetry BATTERY Detect energy GWB in complete spin-down of KBH Measure net temperature increase in water following complete discharge of battery Van Putten & Levinson, Science, 2002

X-ray lines in disks Detect BH spin Time[measurement] << Time[BH spin down] Calorimetry on GWB in GRB-SN Detect total energy (“nutritional content”) Time[measurement] = Time[BH spin-down] (Fabian, this meeting)

Horizon dissipation Radiation energies LIGO SN remnant X-ray emission lines 1e49erg SN 4e51erg irradiation of envelope Torus mass loss Gravitational radiation Torus winds Thermal and neutrino emissions GWB 4e53erg Torus input Baryon poor outflows GRB 3e50erg Black hole output Rotational energy of black hole

LIGO Hanford first-ever detections of gravitational radiation observe the Universe in gravitational waves (new sources, relic waves early universe,…) probe inner engines of GRB-SNe observe ‘life’ the process of spin-down of Kerr black holes within one minute test general relativity,… VIRGO Pisa ACIGA-LIGO Gingin

LIGO S/N (1/year) M[GRB030329]<150MSolar (current LIGO sensitivity)

D1 D2D1*D2 Simulation: instantaneous S/N-ratio = 0.15 LIGO

Theory* versus observations TBD

GRB+SN+GWB Endpoint of binary evolution? “Gravitational radiation, luminous black holes and gamma-ray burst supernovae,” Cambridge University Press, to be published