Ch.6

Man who first successfully used steam engine to drill for oil (1859)

Process developed by Henry Bessemer and William Kelly in which air is injected into molten iron to remove carbon and other impurities, creating steel.

Inventor and creator of the world’s first research laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ Inventions include incandescent lightbulb

Inventor of the typewriter in 1867

Inventor of the telephone with the help of Thomas Watson in 1876

Railroad completed in 1869 by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads. Met in Promontory Point, Utah on May 10

Railroad tycoon that created the Pullman sleeper car and built a town for his workers

Construction company created by Union Pacific stockholders that over- charged Union Pacific with the resulting profits going to the stockholders

Supreme Court case in which States won the right to regulate railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers Established principle that the federal government could regulate private industry for the public interest

Established the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities Also created the Interstate Commerce Commission to implement the law

Founder of Carnegie Steel Company

Process in which companies control the resources, manufacturing, and distribution for their product

Process in which companies that produce similar products merge

Philosophy that applies Charles Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest to human society

Founder of Standard Oil Company

Passed in 1890 Made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries

President and founder of the AFL in 1886

Labor union that focused on collective bargaining

Labor leader Formed the American Railway Union and was one of the founders of the IWW

AKA- Wobblies Radical union and socialist organization based in Chicago

Prominent organizer in the Women’s labor movement

Ch.6: A New Industrial Age Section 1

Factors for Industrialization Natural resources Government support for business Growing population Black Gold Edwin L Drake used a steam engine to drill for oil in Pennsylvania Oil was originally refined for kerosene and gasoline was thrown away

Bessemer Steel Process Coal and iron deposits were abundant in the North Iron is dense but is soft so it breaks and rusts Removing the carbon from the iron produces a lighter, more flexible, rust-resistant metal. This process was introduced by Henry Bessemer and William Kelley in 1850 New Uses for Steel Railroads Barbed wire Farming equipment Bridges (Brooklyn Bridge 1883) Buildings

Electricity 1876-Thomas Alva Edison established the world’s first research laboratory at Menlo park, New Jersey incandescent light bulb By the 1890s electric power ran machines, appliances, and even streetcars which promoted the spreading of cities Changing Lifestyles 1867-Christopher Sholes- typewriter 1876-Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson- telephone Inventions created new jobs that were predominately filled by women

Ch.6 section 2

National Network Made westward expansion possible Government gave railroads huge land grants to expand Romance and Reality Dreams of cheap land, adventure, and a fresh start Central Pacific employed Chinese Union Pacific hired Irish and Civil War veterans Accidents, diseases, and Indian attacks killed thousands each year Railroad Time Professor C.F. Dowd proposed time zones Nov. 16, 1883, watches were synchronized to the time zones

New Towns and markets Oil, coal, steel, lumber, and glass industries grew Previously isolated cities and towns were linked Cities began to specialize in particular products George M. Pullman Manufactured mostly sleeper cars Built a town for his workers which remained under company control No loitering on their own porches or drinking alcohol A violent strike broke out when Pullman lowered wages but not rents

Construction company formed by Union Pacific stockholders Stockholders gave the company a contract to lay track at two to three times the actual price and pocketed the rest. Shares were donated to 20 members of Congress in 1867 Vice president Schuyler Colfax and Congressman James Garfield (Republicans) both accepted shares. All public figures were allowed to keep their profits

Railroad Abuses Fixed prices which kept farmers in debt Demanded more money for short hauls when there was no competition Charged different customers different rates Granger laws Passed in the West, Midwest, and Southeast to establish maximum rates and prohibit discrimination Munn v. Illinois (1887) the railroads challenged the Granger laws in the Supreme Court and lost Established the right of the federal government to regulate private industry

Interstate Commerce Act (1887) Established the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities Interstate Commerce Commission Didn’t gain power to be effective until 1906 Panic and Consolidation Caused by corporate abuses, mismanagement, overbuilding, and competition worst financial depression up to that time 600 banks, 15,000 businesses, and 4 million people Large investors came in and bought up all the failing railroads

Ch.6 section 3

1873- entered the steel business; by 1899 the Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel than all the steel companies in Great Britain combined. Business Strategies New machinery and techniques Attracted new talent by offering them stock Vertical integration Bought out suppliers; coal fields, iron mines, ore freighters, and railroad lines Horizontal integration Bought competing steel producers

Principles of Social Darwinism 19th-century doctrine that the social order is a product of natural selection of those persons best suited to existing living conditions Supported the notion of individual responsibility and blame Used to justify laissez-faire economics New Definition of Success Riches were a sign of God’s favor Poverty was a result of laziness or inferiority

Growth and Consolidation Pursuit of horizontal integration through mergers Holding Companies-set up for the purpose of buying up the stock of other companies (J.P. Morgan) Standard Oil (John D. Rockefeller) join competitors in trust agreements; gained total control of oil industry Rockefeller and the “Robber Barons” Huge profits by paying low wages and driving competitors out of business Then raised rate once he controlled 90% of the industry Gave $500 million to create the Rockefeller Foundation, funds to start the University of Chicago, created a medical institute

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) Illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries “trust” wasn’t clearly defined and the act was unenforceable Business Boom bypasses the South Southern industries were mostly owned by northerners South, lacking investment capital, remained agricultural South suffered high transportation costs, high tariffs, and lacked skilled workers

Long Hours and Danger 7-day work weeks, 12 hour days, no sick leave or vacation, no unemployment or compensation for injuries injuries were common due to faulty machinery and the dirty, poorly ventilated factories Early labor organizing National Labor Union (1866)- William Sylvis Concentrated on linking existing unions Knights of Labor (1869)- Uriah Stephens Open to all workers regardless of race, gender, or skill level

Craft Unionism American Federation of Labor (1886)- Samuel Gompers Focused on collective bargaining; attainable short-term goals Used strikes as a major tactic Industrial Unionism American Railway Union (1894)- Eugene Debs Socialism and the IWW Socialism-economic and political system based on gov. control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth; a “workers’ society” Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies, 1905)- William Haywood Included miners, lumberers, and cannery and dock workers

The Great Strike of 1877 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) struck in response to their second wage cut in two months President Hayes intervened and federal troops ended the strike The Haymarket Affair May 4, Chicagoans gather to protest police brutality Police arrived as the crowd was dispersing; someone threw a bomb at the police; police fired on the workers; Knights of labor associated with anarchists; employers impose yellow-dog contracts The Homestead Strike Steelworkers strike after announced wage cut designed to eliminate union Pinkerton Detective Agency was hired to protect the plant so scabs (strikebreakers) could work

Pennsylvania national guard was called in to end the strike after two weeks and 12 deaths The Pullman Company Strike Eugene Debs jailed; Pullman workers fired Women organize Mary Harris “Mother” Jones- endured death threats and jail Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire killed 146 women Management and Government pressure Unions Management refused to recognize unions as representatives of workers Sherman Antitrust Act was used against unions Still, union membership continued to climb

1. Who invented the typewriter? 2. Who first successfully used a steam engine to pump oil out of the ground? 3. Who was president of the American Railway Union? 4. Who made a fortune in the steel industry and donated most of his profits? 5. Who created trusts in order to gain control of the oil industry? 6. Who had a lab in Menlo Park, New Jersey? 7. Which two men developed a process for making steel? 8. Which two men invented the telephone?

9. Which luxury railroad car maker built a town for his employees? 10. What was the goal of the Interstate Commerce Act? 11. How did industrial consolidation create monopolies? 12. Why would scabs be unpopular with striking workers? 13. What fire killed 146 women in 1911? 14. What was the purpose of Credit Mobilier? 15. Which factors contributed to the industrial boom of the early 1900s? 16. What was the Sherman Anti Trust Act designed to do?

17. How was the Sherman Antitrust Act used against unions? 18. Why were time zones created? 19. What industry caused the Great Strike of 1877? 20. What is collective bargaining? 21. Define vertical integration. 22. Define horizontal integration. 23. What was oil originally refined for?(before gasoline) 24. Where was a lot of the country’s oil and coal found? 25. What was the reality of working on the railroads?

26. Which industries grew as a result of the railroads? 27. What did Granger Laws accomplish? 28. How did the economic panic of 1893 lead to the creation of monopolies? 29. Which union was headed by Samuel Gompers? 30. How was Gompers's union different from other unions? 31. Which union was open to all people? 32. Why did unions form? 33. What happened in Haymarket Square? 34. Which industry was largely responsible for the economic panic of 1893?