Exploring ‘New’ Worlds and Lands Imperialism

European Knowledge of the World 950 CE

Renaissance Continued? How might Renaissance Spirit have contributed to Exploration..? Classical Learning- Renaissance society had wanted to learn more Worldly Pleasures- Focused on living in this world; enjoying what the world had to offer was a way to accomplish this Celebration of the Individual- Glory for explorers (& eventually nations) Worldly Pleasures - Goods brought by Arab & Turkish caravans Chinese silks, Indian spices (pepper, ginger, cloves) These were food preservatives, not just yummy

Why by sea? No longer wanted to go over ground Mongols Spices Arabs and Italians controlled most of the route Mongols had control of the silk road and the over ground route. High fees had to be paid to the Mongols. Collapse of Mongol empire, Black Plague made these goods more expensive than before Venice & Genoa (Italy) controlled Asian goods trade (made a profit!) By the late 1400s the Arabs and merchants controlled the trade routes. New monarchs of France, England, Spain, Portugal wanted to control their own route!

Trade routes before Renaissance

How explore? New Technologies Caravel: constructed frame-first and covered with planks fitted flush to one another. carried three or even four masts with lateen (square or triangle) sails. Caravel: constructed frame-first and covered with planks fitted flush to one another. carried three or even four masts with lateen (square or triangle) sails. This boat is easier to maunver than most other heavy European ships.

Compass: used to indicate direction Astrolabe: used to determine latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the noon altitude of the sun Astrolabe – Helped the sailor determine the ships latitude and the local time. Compass helped the sailor find their bearing and chart their course. Compass: used to indicate direction

Motivations 3 G’s of Exploration: Gold: Spices and Profits Glory Increase in demand due to Crusades Italian monopoly Glory Have one’s name remembered forever… eventually turned into a source of national pride God: Spread Christianity Sacred duty to convert all non-believers 3 G’s of Exploration: Gold: Spices and Profits Increase in demand due to Crusades – Crusaders brought back luxury goods that the people wanted. Italian monopoly – Italy controlled trade and other countries wanted the profits. Glory Have one’s name remembered forever… eventually turned into a source of national pride God: Spread Christianity Sacred duty to convert all non-believers

Exploration

Portuguese Prince Henry Africa (1441) School of navigation Quest for $$$ Riches and Christian Kingdom Wanted another route to the East Africa (1441) Gold & Ivory Slaves: new labor source after plague 60 years—50,000 African Slaves Gold Coast & Western Africa trading posts Prince Henry of Portugal School of navigation – he sent cartographers out to start mapping the world and the first islands they discovered were the Azores and the Maderia to the south and west of Portugal. Quest for riches and Christian Kingdom First Portuguese discoveries were the Madeira and Azores islands Africa (1441) Gold & Ivory Slaves: good labor source after plague 60 years—50,000 African Slaves Gold Coast & Western Africa trading posts

Portuguese Explorers Bartholomew Dias Vasco da Gama Hits the tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) Vasco da Gama July 8, 1494 leave for India 10 months later arrives Calicut, India Returns with cinnamon & pepper in 1499 to hero’s welcome Leads to agreement with Arabs for exclusive trade thru Indian Ocean, China, and the Spice Islands Bartholomew Dias Hits the tip of Africa 1448 This opened up a new route to Asia that was not dependent on the Muslims or the Italians. (Cape of Good Hope) Vasco da Gama July 8, 1494 leave for India 10 months later arrives Calicut, India Returns with cinnamon & pepper in 1499 to heroes welcome Leads to agreement with Arabs for exclusive trade thru Indian Ocean, China, and the Spice Islands Tragedy on the sea. Many of De Gama’s sailors died of hunger, thirst, and scurvy on the way home ½ the ships did not make it back. This trip and subsequent trips established Portugal as a world power.

Vasco da Gama’s voyages

What is missing from this "world map" is two or three continents - the Americas and Australia and the vast extent of the Pacific and even Atlantic Oceans. (Note also that the Indian Ocean is treated as an enclosed body of water. Vasco de Gama was to prove this wrong by passing the Cape of Good Hope just five years later.) The Library of Congress exhibit "1492 the Ongoing Voyage"(from which I took this map) has a more in depth treatment of the voyages of Columbus, the culture he came from and the people he encountered. The World in 1482

The World After:

Spanish Explorers (aka Sailors) Columbus Isabella and Ferdinand to Spain The good The bad The ugly The interesting Amerigo Vespucci Vasco Nunez de Balboa Claims Pacific Ocean for Spain Magellan 1519-1522 Travel around the world Proves world was bigger than thought; Americas a separate continent Columbus Isabella and Ferdinand paid for the trip. Columbus was not Spanish but an Italian. He worked on a merchant ship and wanted to have his own ship. The good - Helped to propel Spain into the forefront of European exploration, conquest, & settlement it was technically the first “encounter” of Europeans in the new world. It used to be a day off school and was designated a federal holiday by Richard Nixon It also The Bad – he did not find America, this idea is fiction The Ugly - How far was he off in his prediction of the size of the world? 25% and he could not imagine another continent nor another Ocean. Amerigo Vespucci - cartographer Vasco Nunez de Balboa Claims Pacific Ocean for Spain He went by land through the forests of Panama. Magellan 1519-1522 Travel around the world Proves world was bigger than thought; Americas a separate continent It took them 4 months to cross the sea Magellan is killed in the Philippines His route around South America later became known as the strait of Magellan Route took 3 years.

Columbus’ Voyages

Rivalries on the High Seas Spain vs. Portugal Pope Alexander VI and later Julius II demands both countries sign Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Line of Demarcation define what territories was Spanish and Portuguese in the New World West= Spain East= Portugal Problem with this line is geography is rather imprecise. Portugal did not realize how much land was out there.

Spanish vs. Portuguese Both have territory in the Americas, “claim happy” Need to draw a line- Pope Alexander VI (1493) created the Line of Demarcation West of this line is Spain’s, East is Portugal’s Treaty of Tordesillas pushed the line a bit farther West

Northwest Passage Many explorers (Columbus incl.) were trying to find an alternate route to Asia (China/India) Instead of going East, we can go West to get to Asia. Explorers believed there was water way that led to Asia. Named The Northwest Passage, this mythical body of water was believed to: Go directly from Europe to Asia and then later Connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Unfortunately, it did not exist, and North America stood in their way

Your favorite foods On a piece of paper, list three of your favorite foods. Leave lots of space between the 3 items you list. (Hint: it can be manufactured food or fruit/vegetable/fish/meat) If a made food (such as pizza), list the main ingredients. Write down if you know where the main ingredients originally grew.

Origin of the species Potatoes – Andes of S. America Corn – The Americas Wheat – SW Asia Sugar – SE Asia Tomatoes – S. America

Movement of goods across oceans Traders had brought spices from Asia. Now brought new crops from the Americas to Europe. Europe was the center of a triangular trade. Europe-Africa-The Americas.

Why European countries? Working with a one partner next to you, brainstorm what would be needed to conduct a major exploration trip. Make your list as inclusive as possible on the key things you would need. Who is paying for the exploration?

Exploration in Africa We’ve discussed life in Africa before contact, what do we remember..? Exploration to Africa begins with Dias and De Gama Search for profit: Africa was a country rich in resources Establishment of plantations and Slave Trade

Atlantic slave trade Many conquered people were forced to work in mines, plantations Governors of colonies had incredible power New diseases and brutal work conditions killed millions Europeans needed more workers Started buying slaves from Africa There was already a slave trade in Africa! What’s new = taking them to the Americas

Atlantic Slave Trade Europeans needed cheap labor for farms (the British and Spanish) and silver mines (Spanish) 10-12 million Africans forced come to America Mostly to South America, esp Brazil for the sugar plantations Slaves in all 13 British colonies

The triangle trade -- simplified

The triangle trade -- detailed

Latin American Colonial Life Spanish-Dominated colonial structure (why would they do this?) Peninsulares Creoles Mestizoes Mulatoes Spread of Christianity

CONSEQUENCES OF CONTACT/EXPLORATION Negative Impacts of Exploration Epidemics - Diseases that spread quicker than they can be cured: Small Pox Influenza. Indigenous (Native) population had not yet built immunities to the diseases. Indigenous Pop. in 1492: 54-100 million. Indigenous Pop. in 1750: Less than 500,000 Negative Impacts of Exploration Epidemics - Diseases that spread quicker than they can be cured: Small Pox Influenza. These diseases were devastating to the people of the Americas because this was their first exposure to the disease. Indigenous (Native) population had not yet built immunities to the diseases. Indigenous Population of the Americas in 1492: 54-100 million. Indigenous Population of the Americas in 1750: Less than 500,000

Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange – the global exchange of goods, ideas, plants and animals, and disease that began with Columbus’s exploration of the new world. Name some of your favorite foods! Look at the charts on pages 496-497 and see where the foods came from. How would your diet be different without the Columbian Exchange? Have the students pull out their books to page 496. The should also pull out their handouts where they took notes on this section. To start off the discussion of this new topic, first define the Columbian Exchange – the global exchange of goods, ideas, plants, and animals and disease that began with Columbus’s exploration of the new world. Personalize the exchange by asking the students about some of their favorite foods. Look at the charts on page 496-497 and see where your fav. foods came from. How would your diet be different without the Columbian exchange? Pizza would not be possible without the Columbian Exchange.

CE Continued… Continue looking at the charts and pictures on pages 496-497 Which foods that originated in the Western Hemisphere are important staples in Africa today? How might a continent like Africa – which in some places suffer from frequent droughts and malnutrition – be different without such foods.? What were three major impacts of the Columbian exchange and explain why they were so important? What were some of the unmentioned costs of the Columbian Exchange? Which foods that originated in the Western Hemisphere are important staples in Africa today? - corn and peanuts How might a continent like Africa – which in some places suffer from frequent droughts and malnutrition – be different without such foods.? - Without such foods, which have enriched African diets and been found to grow well there, many Africans might have less opportunity for nourishment. What were three major impacts of the Columbian exchange and explain why they were so important? What were some of the unmentioned costs of the Columbian Exchange? There were many environmental costs as new species invade different ecosystems (Bring up the problems with English Ivy in the Seattle Area. Another example is the blackberry –- it grows so well here because they are not native. There were also political costs as people invaded other societies – Empires such as the Aztec and Inca empires fell There were also economic costs as one system of exchange disappears and another takes its place.

The Causes and Effects of the Columbian Exchange

Consequences of Contact – Commercial Revolution What factors contributed to Europe’s shift from local economies to an international trading system? What is a guild how does it compare to the “putting out” system? Why did entrepreneurs want to bypass the guilds? What does the word “mercantilism” mean? How did mercantilist nations strengthen their economies? Answers to these questions are on pages 492-495. What factors contributed to Europe’s shift from local economies to an international trading system? - nations pushed for overseas empires, the price of revolution occurred, and entrepreneurs and capitalist investors assumed the risk of doing business, spurring trade. What is a guild how does it compare to the “putting out” system? (494) - guilds were organizations of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold the standards of their trade and to protect their economic industry. - Putting out system – a system developed in the 18th C in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry. What did entrepreneurs want to bypass the guilds? - Entrepreneurs wanted enough goods for large markets and greater freedom than the guilds allowed. - Entrepreneur are people who take a financial risk to make profits. Explain that entrepreneurs were not inventors in this time period but investors. What does the word “mercantilism” mean? - Policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver. How did mercantilist nations strengthen their economies? - They exploited more than they imported, built up supplies of silver and gold, boosted production by exploiting resources, build roads, backed new industries, and established standard weights and measures. This also allowed monopolies and imposed tariffs. - Mercantialists believed that colonies exsisted for the benefit of the parent country.

The Causes and Effects of the Commercial Revolution

Consequences of Contact/Exploration Summary of European influences: Europe dominates much of the world from 1500-1900 Connection of Africa, American and European economies and politics Trade (sharing of ideas), different foods introduced (Corn/maize, Fruits, Potato) helped end famine in both ends of the world. Advancement of Western Civilization – precursor to the United States.

CONSEQUENCES OF CONTACT/EXPLORATION Europe dominates much of the world from 1500 to 1900 Connection of Africa, America, and Europe’s economies and politics Trade (sharing of ideas), Different foods introduced (Corn/Maize, Fruits, Potato) helped end famine in both ends of the world. Advancement of Western Civilization, precursor to the United States

Colonies in the Americas How did Spain and Portugal build colonies in the Americas? Write a diary entry from the perspective of one of the groups in the colonies. Describe what a typical day for you might have been like. What factors contributed to Europe’s shift from local economies to an international trading system?