Stakeholders’ behavior: a crucial factor to sustainable fisheries  Dr. Renato Quiñones Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR)  FONDAP-CONICYT  Universidad de Concepción

Global trends in the state of world marine fish stocks, 1974–2011

IUU fishing has escalated in the past 20 years, especially in high seas fisheries. Rough estimates indicate that IUU fishing takes 11–26 million tonnes of fish each year, for an estimated value of US$10–23 billion. FAO (2014) ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED AND UNREGULATED (IUU) FISHING

FISHERIES ARE PART OF HIGHLY COMPLEX SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Contributing factors for failures of fisheries management Based on Smith & Link (2005)

Is fisheries governance a tame or wicked problem?

Tame Problem Has a well-defined and stable problem statement Has a definite stopping point, i.e. when the solution is reached Has a solution which can be objectively evaluated as right or wrong Belongs to a class of similar problems which are all solved in the same similar way Has solutions which can be easily tried and abandoned Comes with a limited set of alternative solutions. Problem Solution

© 2008 CogNexus Institute Time Gather the data about the problem Analyze the data Formulate a solution Implement it Traditional wisdom for solving complex problems: the ‘waterfall’

Wicked Problems You don’t understand the problem until you have developed a solution Wicked problems have no stopping rule Solutions to wicked problems are not right or wrong; they are simply ‘better,’ ‘worse,’ ‘good enough,’ or ‘not good enough.’ Every wicked problem is essentially unique and novel Every solution to a wicked problem is a ‘one-shot operation Wicked problems have no given alternative solutions Wicked problem involves moral judgements and value-based decisions: governance (Jentoft & Chuenpagdee 2009)

It is a major mistake to deal with wicked problems as if they were tame problems “For every complex problem there is a simple solution. And it is wrong.” H.L.Menken

Source: © 2010 CogNexus Institute

“If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences” William Isaac Thomas and Dorothy Swaine Thomas (1928) THOMAS THEOREM

Meaning, values, identities Every stakeholder may have a completely different perception about the management of shared resources

“Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning” (Bates & Plog 1976). Anthropological definition of Culture Resource management and governance institutions shape and are shaped by cultural dimensions of ecosystems (Poe et al. 2010)

MOCHA ISLAND Poaching represent loss between 32-68% of annual gross historical revenues of the TURF (Bandin & Quiñones 2014)

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PRESSURES Fishers protesting in central- south Chile during the Jack mackerel crisis Protest by artisanal fishers against prohibition of operating in the first nautical mile from the coast and the use of satellite positioning for individual vessels (13/11/2012)

The collective learning process that can take place through interactions among multiple interdependent stakeholders when proper facilitation, institutional support and a conducive policy environment exist. SOCIAL LEARNING Source: SLIM PROJECT (2004)

Steyaert & Jiggins (2007) Linking behavior change models with fisheries management

THE ICEBERG ANALOGY Some of the crucial challenges to sustainable fisheries are below the surface Examples: Stock assessment Ecological impact of fisheries Effects of environmental variability etc. -Stakeholders’ behavior - Cultural change