Concept Theory Factors Transfer of Training Concept Theory Factors

Transfer of Training Definition Transfer of training is effectively and continuing applying the skills, knowledge, and/or attitudes that were learned in a learning environment to the job environment.

Transfer of Learning The application of skills, knowledge, and/or attitudes that were learned in one situation to another learning situation.

The Theory of Transfer of Learning was introduced by Thorndike and Woodworth (1901). They explored how individuals would transfer learning in one context to another context that shared similar characteristics. Their theory implied that transfer of learning depends on the learning task and the transfer task being identical, also known as 'identical elements'. There is a close relationship between transfer of learning and problem solving, since transfer of learning generally occurs when previous knowledge is applied to solve a problem in a new situation (Ormrod, 2004).

Types of transfer Perkins and Salomon (1992) elaborate different types of transfer of learning, describing the concept and the differences between positive and negative transfer, as well as what is called "near" and "far" transfer. The following explanation, presenting different types of transfer, is adapted from Schunk (2004, p. 220).

Type - Characteristics Near - Overlap between situations, original and transfer contexts are similar Far - Little overlap between situations, original and transfer settings are dissimilar Positive - What is learned in one context enhances learning in a different setting (Cree and Macaulay, 2000) Negative - What is learned in one context hinders or delays learning in a different setting (Cree and Macaulay, 2000) Vertical - Knowledge of a previous topic is essential to acquire new knowledge (Ormrod, 2004)

Type - Characteristics Horizontal - Knowledge of a previous topic is not essential but helpful to learn a new topic (Ormrod, 2004) Literal - Intact knowledge transfers to new task Figural - Use some aspect of general knowledge to think or learn about a problem

Type - Characteristics Low Road - Transfer of well-established skills in almost automatic fashion High Road - Transfer involves abstraction so conscious formulations of connections between contexts High Road /Forward Reaching - Abstracting situations from a learning context to a potential transfer context High Road / Backward Reaching - Abstracting in the transfer context features of a previous situation where new skills and knowledge were learned

Transfer of Training Process Trainees Characteristics Motivation Ability Generalization and Retention Training Design Learning environment Transfer of Training Theory Self-management Strategy Learning Retention Work environment Climate of transfer Management and Peers support Opportunity Technology support

Trainee characteristics Motivation and ability to learn Basic skills needed (cognitive ability, reading skills) Motivation to learn Self-efficacy

Training design Objective Practice Feedback Material Applications of ToT Theory Self management strategies

Work Environment Climate for transfer Manager Support Peer support Opportunity to use Technological support

Organization Environment Learning organization Knowledge management

DISCUSSION Bincangkan sejauhmana pentingnya teori elemen seiras (identical elements) dalam latihan komputer.