Energy 101 The Basics

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Grading System Final Exam Class Participation

Eight Forms of Energy

Gravitational Energy

Potential Energy Stored Energy Ready for Action

Kinetic Energy Energy in Motion

Light – Radiant Energy Heat – Thermal Energy

Photons Bundles of Energy 186,000 miles second 300 million meters per second

Radiant Energy Visible Light X-rays Microwaves Gamma Rays Ultraviolet Infrared

Hot Combustion Gases

Molecular Motion

Sun’s Core

He H H H H Nuclear Fusion

Fusion – 0.7% Fission – 0.1 % E = mc 2

Elastic Energy

Secondary form of Energy Doesn’t Exist by Itself Must be Produced by Another Form

Electrical Energy Flow of Electrons

Electrochemical Energy

Potential Forms Chemical Gravitational Elastic Nuclear

Kinetic Forms Electrical Mechanical Radiant Thermal

Transform chemical energy into radiant and thermal energy.

Activation Energy

Wood has a larger activation energy than sulfur; and sulfur has a larger activation energy than phosphorus.

Special Relationship with Chemical Energy

Binding Energy - Binding Energy Excess Binding Energy

Oxygen - O % Water - H 2 O - ½ - 2%

Iron + Oxygen + Water (catalyst) → Iron Oxide (Rust) + Water + Heat 4 Fe + 3O 2 + H 2 O → 2Fe 2 O 3 + H 2 O + Heat

Exothermic Releases Energy

Chemical Sources of Energy # 1 Transportation Imports Provide 45% Total U.S. Energy – 36%

Chemical Sources of Energy Heats half U.S. Homes Cleanest Fossil Fuel Generates 25% U.S. Electricity Total U.S. Energy 25%

Chemical Sources of Energy 42 % U.S. Electric Power No Imports Needed Total U.S. Energy - 20%

Chemical Sources of Energy Wood, Wood Waste, Garbage and Crops 3 % of U.S. Energy

Chemical Sources of Energy Portable Gas Stored as a Liquid Imports Provide 10% Total U.S. Energy 1 %

U.S. Chemical Energy Petroleum 36% Natural Gas 25% Coal20% Biomass 3% Propane 1%

Energy 1776

Predictions Chemical Energy Sources 2050 ? Which Forms Increase?

Other Energy Forms Nuclear – Uranium – 8 % Mechanical - Hydro, Wind – 7 % Thermal – Geothermal – 0.2 % Radiant – Solar %

Five Forms -Ten Sources Chemical –Oil–Gas–Coal– Biomass - Propane - 85% Nuclear – Uranium – - 8 % Mechanical - Hydro, Wind – 7 % Thermal – Geothermal – 0.2 % Radiant – Solar %

Endothermic Absorbs Energy Additional Binding Energy

Chemical Energy Binding Energy - Binding Energy Required Binding Energy

Endothermic Reaction Vinegar + Baking Soda + Heat → Water + Carbon Dioxide + Sodium Acetate CH 3 COOH + NaHCO 3 + Heat → H 2 O + CO 2 + NaCH 3 COO

Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy-Sunlight → Carbohydrates + Oxygen Photosynthesis

6 H CO 2 + Energy-Sunlight → C 6 H 12 O O 2

Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 ---> 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy(ATP)

Marine Life

Oxygen Poor Environment

Long Hydrocarbon Chains Solids 100 Million Years

100 Million More Years F to F Pressure Smaller Hydrocarbon Chains Liquids

Additional Millions of Years Very Small Hydrocarbon Chains -- Gases Methane, Ethane, Propane, and Butane

Formation of Coal Ancient Trees and Giant Ferns

Fossil Fuels Result of Radiant Energy and Photosynthesis Endothermic Reaction

Biomass Wood Wood Waste Crops Garbage

Final Exam Start with the radiant energy leaving the flashlight and work backwards.

Electrical Radiant Electrical Radiant Thermal + Electrical

Electrical + Thermal Mechanical

Mechanical + Thermal Chemical Glucose, Amino Acids, and Fatty Acids

12 – 15 % Transformation to Mechanical

No Friction to Provide Thermal Energy

Chemical + Thermal Radiant

Between 3-6 % of the radiant energy striking a plant leaf is converted into chemical energy. Most of the radiant energy is reflected or absorbed and transformed into thermal energy.

Radiant + Thermal Nuclear E = mc 2 Fusion – 0.7 % Fission – 0.1 %

Core to Surface 100,000 – 200,000 Years

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