Dems. & Reps. Urban; middle class: Writers Teachers College Educated Professionals Scholars Social Workers Politicians

Progressive were not.... Not united by geography or occupation Not Populists Not a political party (until 1912)

Areas of Reform Social Justice – Workers Rights – Social Welfare – Consumer Protection Political Democracy Environmentalism

Social Justice

Social Gospel Social assistance programs Church to help poor Catholics, Jews, Christians Jane Addams, Hull House

Settlement Houses c. 1889

Salvation Army ; YMCA

State Reforms Hiram Johnson (CA) – Workers’ Comp. Robert La Follette (WI) Income Tax Corporate Tax

16th Amendment Federal Income Tax

Public Health Sanitation Systems – Trash Removal – Sewers Food Inspections Physical Education Increased school enrollment Child Labor laws

Portland High School (2 nd free public HS in US)

Moral Reform Temperance Movement WCTU – Frances Willard – 18th Amendment – Prohibition

“Muckrakers” Journalists Exposed corruption Leads to major reforms – Ida Tarbell – Upton Sinclair – Jacob Riis – Frank Norris – John Spargo – Lincoln Steffens – Ida B. Wells

Political Democracy

Direct Election of Senators 17 th Amendment Women’s Suffrage NWSA, AWSA 19 th Amendment City Governments Commissioners Australian Secret Ballots Direct Primary

Presidential Nominations Caucus Caucus---small group of individuals who would choose a candidate Convention Convention---members from the political parties nominate a candidate Direct Primary Direct Primary---allow registered voters to participate in choosing a candidate 1790 to to 1900 Current System Used

Environmentalism

Gifford Pinchot John Muir Teddy Roosevelt Newlands Reclamation Act - dams, canals, irrigation projects Establishes 190 million acres for national forests. Creation of U.S. Forest Service Conservation

Civil Rights

“Social Reality”

Segregation Southern states “Redeemer” govts. Separate public facilities Unequal Pay Scales Jim Crow Laws – Literacy Tests – Poll Taxes – Grandfather Clause

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Supreme Court legalized segregation throughout the nation. Plessy was only 1/8 black, but still forced to sit in a segregated train car “Separate but Equal” as long as public facilities were equal Problem: Black facilities never equal to White facilities

Booker T. Washington Former slave Gradualism Vocational Education Economic self-sufficiency Tuskegee Institute “Atlanta Compromise”

Tuskegee Institute

W.E.B. DuBois Harvard Professor Immediate Equality Niagra Movement (1906) – Black Pride – NAACP Top 10% – Top 10% accepted into college – Put into “power positions” – Power Structure argument

Ida B. Wells Lynchings The Red Record

Lynchings ( )