1 Changing Fortunes and Changing Identity, Sucheng Chan Yen Le Espirity Historical Documents

2 Changing Fortunes for Asians in the U.S. Identify 2 significant developments that took place for Asians (other than Japanese Americans) in the U.S. from Describe it and explain its significance. Refer to Sucheng Chan and the historical documents. Each group must come up with 2 specific historical developments and cannot repeat what another group has already said.

3 Immigration Policy Changes 1943 Congress repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act, allows only 105 immigrants per year and naturalization 1945 War Brides Act (amended 1947 to include Asians) 6,000 Chinese women enter  sex ratio 1.3: Luce-Cellar Bill allows 100 immigrants and grants naturalization rights to Asian Indians and Filipinos McCarran-Walter Act repeals the racial restriction of the 1790 Naturalization Law; grants Japanese the right to become naturalized citizens and allows 185 immigrants; allows spouses of U.S. citizens to enter U.S. as non-quota immigrants (J, K, F) 1953 Refugee Act (1957, 1959) / 1962 presidential directive allow 23,000 Chinese refugees

4 Emergence of an Asian American Identity What specific factors possibly hindered the development of an Asian American identity until the late 1960s?

5 Yen Le Espiritu on Pre-1960s Asian Communities Immigrant communities Identifications based on village, district, language Historical enmities Ethnic disidentification based on avoidance of ethnic prejudice and discrimination Cultural and language distinctions Pan-Asian cooperation (1920 J-F strike) based on common class status, not shared cultural or racial background

6 Yen Le Espiritu on Context of Emergent Panethnicity Social and political movements of 1960s (civil rights, Black Power, anti-colonial nationalist movements, criticism of racial inequality) Demographic changes and breakdown of economic and racial barriers

7 Post-War Population Shift for Asians in the U.S. Chinese Japanese ,853 90% 24,05799% ,596 79%67,65594% ,107 70%81,38373% ,086 59%70,47751% ,242 48%47,30537% 1960CA 1/3 Immigrant  native-born population Common language and culture Decline of national rivalries and homeland ties Common generational differences More permeable enclaves; moving out to suburbs (criticism of racism) Awareness of common problems as Asian minorities (employment discrimination) Asian ethnic students on college campuses  Asian American identity