Junkyung You Ji Won Park Taehoon Oh Before we go on… CONTEXT

 W. E. B. DuBois (1868 ~ 1963) - Concept of Pan-Negroism (first enunciated : 1897) Henry Sylvester-Williams(1869 ~ 1911)  -Founder of the Pan-African Association (1897) The London Pan-African Conference of 1900 (first use of the word Pan- African) Edward Wilmot Blyden (1832 ~ 1912) (to be analyzed) -Williams’ books credited to him, concept

- The African Association (1897) - Henry Sylvester-Williams - Later became the Pan-African Association in London Pan-African Conference in Practical expiration of the Pan-African Association in 1901 (premature attempt) - Pan-African movements were held throughout the whole world (UNTIL TODAY!) although the Pan-African Association became obsolete - Influenced future Pan-African organizations

Pan-Africanism: a tendency to view all Africans and descendants of Africans as belonging to a single “race” and sharing cultural unity (New Dictionary of the History of Ideas) “George Washington was not god Almighty. He was a man like any Negro in this building … I prefer to die at this moment rather than not to work for the freedom of Africa.” -Marcus Garvey (1887 ~ 1940) - William Padmore (1903 ~ 1959)

- Africans were used for the Europeans’ advantage throughout history - Atlantic Slave trade - The irrational border distribution in Africa during the late 1800s - Deliberately made conflicts between numerous tribes in Africa to make ruling easier - Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism Challenged 1887~ Pan- African Ideology Nationalism 20C African intellectuals question racial inferiority Struggle against slavery rooting 15C~ 1887~ Racial pride, negritude “Africa belongs to Africans” Edward Blyden, James Johnson Beyond Political ideology Overthrow of colonial system

 Nationalism = commitment to building up the nation as a central part of the identity of the citizen and as a powerful force “The African nationalists (slaves), therefore, resisted European economic exploitation as embodied by slavery… Pan-African Nationalism is the nationalistic, unified struggle/resistance of African peoples against all forms of foreign aggression and invasion, in the fight for nationhood/nation building“ –Kwame Nantambu, Pan-Africanism Versus Pan-African Nationalism “Looking at Pan-Africanism, African nationalism … sought to restore the status and freedom of Africans … who have constantly struggled to rise from centuries of degradation and dehumanization that began with the transatlantic slave trade…” -Vincent Bakpetu Thompson, 1969 Notion of Africa as a Whole

 Social Infrastructure “Pan-Africanism has produced … vigorous and sometimes almost blind stands against colonialism. For the future, federation can increase the stature of African nations and multiply the effectiveness of work that must be done in economic development, education, communications, technical services, social services…” –William R. Bascom (1962)  Political Reform “Commitment to Pan-Africanism is virtually universal among African leaders… peaceful settlement of disputes between states” –Wilson McWilliams (1964)

 What do we see politically? Aborigines' Rights Protection Society in the Gold Coast (Founded 1897) against restrictive land act African National Congress in South Africa (Founded 1912) South Africa’s left-wing party, non-racial democracy! National Congress of West Africa (Founded 19 20) Promotion of equal education, non-racial democracy!  Decolonialism

PAN-AFRICANISM  Pan African Association- didn’t continue for a long time and indirect contribute to independence  Religion, largely Islam  African superiority, direct rebuttal to Social Darwinism INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS  Indian National Congress- continue for a long time and contribute to independence  Religious disputes  Preservation of traditional culture

 Philosophy made way for nationalism (led to decolonization)  Different cultures and distinct traditions, attempt for unity

 Pan-African Flag : Investigate the symbolism within the Pan-African flag. Relate each color to its contribution to Pan-Africanism  How much of an impact did Pan-African Association have on political independence of Africa?  Nkrumah Document : Where do we find traces of nationalism in this document? Relate the attempt for unity with the case in India. Account for differences.  Blyden Document + W.E.B. Du Bois : What does the document imply about Social Darwinism? Analyze the contradictory aspect of Pan-African philosophy. Was it just for W.E.B. Du Bois to argue for racial superiority of Africans?