Chapter 28 and 29

 As world-wide economic depression got worse, peoples’ lives got worse and grew frustrated  Desperate for change, people turned to new leaders who offered simple solutions to complex problems  Totalitarian Regime-Dictatorship form of government that controls all aspects of peoples’ lives TOTALITARIAN REGIMES

 Dictators came to power by using FASCISM – idea that promises return to glory for the nation, strong leadership from one leader, commitment of loyalty to government by citizens  Fascists promote extreme nationalism, people can keep private property, religion used as a tool to promote government ideas

 Fascists hate democracy and communism (no class in society, government controls all property, desire to spread ideas to other nations) but have some things in common with communists:  1 strong dictator rules  Censorship, propaganda and secret police force used to control people

 Poor economic conditions and anger of “betrayal” of Versailles Treaty led to rise of Benito Mussolini  Socialist and journalist prior to WWI, but became militant nationalist. Formed political party in 1919 called Fascists BENITO MUSSOLINI IN ITALY

 Rise to power:  Became popular by supporting workers and peasants and stopped communist revolution in Italy  Created Blackshirts (secret police force) to enforce goals of Fascists and led a March on Rome in 1922  King Victor Emmanuel was intimidated by Mussolini and named him Prime Minister

 As dictator, Mussolini consolidated power by ending democratic rule, strengthened military, spread patriotism and nationalism  Earned nickname II Duce – “The Leader”

 One of many groups challenging Weimar Republic was fascist group called National Socialist Workers’ Party (NAZI); Hitler was an early recruit  Formed Brownshirts (secret police) to enforce ideas ADOLF HITLER IN GERMANY

 Jailed in 1923 for trying to overthrow Weimar government; wrote Mein Kampf in prison:  Blamed Jews for problems  Saw himself as leader (Fuhrer) of master Aryan race  Lebenstraum – need to spread out and gain living space for Germans

 Reorganized NAZI party after release from jail and made speeches promoting NAZI party; ran NAZIs in elections but never won majority vote  Hitler was feared by Weimer Republic, thought they could satisfy Hitler by naming him chancellor in 1933 RISE TO POWER

 As dictator, Hitler removed political opponents  Started fire in Reichstag government building and blamed on communists  In 1934, Night of Long Knives – Hitler had hundreds of his own secret police murdered  Called government Third Reich-restore Germany army and pride DICTATOR

 Hitler used anti-Semitism (hatred and hostility towards Jews) and blamed Jews for all of Germany’s problems  In 1935, Hitler passed Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of German citizenship; all Jews were required to wear yellow star of David as identification ATTACK ON JEWS

 Nov 9-10, 1938, Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) destroyed Jewish synagogues and businesses, created concentration camps and ghettos for prisoners

 First Solution (Holocaust) – Hitler began a plan to eliminate Germany of all non-Aryans (Jews, Slavs, homosexuals, political opponents)  6 million Jews were murdered in firing squads and gas chambers throughout Europe by special killing units called the SS

 Japan felt the West did not accept it as an equal even though its population and industry boomed in 1920s  Dreamed of large empire to expand with lots of natural resources – 1931, invaded Manchuria, 1937, invaded China HIDEKI TOJO IN JAPAN

 Militarism grew – Emperor Hirohito relied on Hideki Tojo to reorganized military, Emperor Hirohito of Japan ruled throughout the war  General Hideki Tojo held dictatorial power from October 1941 to July 1944

 Japan: 1931 – invaded Manchura and northern China; 1940 – invaded Indochina and East Indies  Italy: 1936 – occupied Ethiopia; 1941 – invaded Egypt and Greece  Germany: 1938 – annex Austria and Czechoslovakia, 1939 – invaded Poland  USSR: 1941 – occupied Lithuania, Lativa, and Estonia TOTALITARIAN AGGRESSION

 Axis Coalition formed – treaties between Italy, Germany, and Japan ( 1936 to 1940) to offer mutual protection and support if ever involved in war ALLIANCE FORMED