C.E.

 C.E. means Common Era.  B.C.E. means Before the Common Era.  We don’t use A.D. and B.C. any more.

 The bubonic plague or the Black Death took about ¼ of the population.  Many “other” religions were blamed.  While death is sad, resources had been scarce.  What does that mean?  More land, cheaper prices, better wages, and trade expanded.  This produces goods and wealth.  Which then produce technology and colonies.

 Nobles start to be more and more important.  They also have more control, and bigger pieces of land.  Expansion starts in Africa, and the Portuguese are the first to really start trade there.  The Portuguese tried to colonize, but disease and organization of people said no!  Slaves were the #1 commodity.

 Islands like the Canaries were good for sugar growing.  Slaves were to work the land.  As Columbus was moving into North America, the Spanish were in South America.  The Aztecs were similar to the Spanish.  Due to disease and better technology, the Spanish conquer both the Aztecs and the Incas.

 People, plants, and animals between Europe, Africa, and North America…but that wasn’t all they exchanged.  Small pox, malaria, and syphilis are problems.  The Spanish leaders were not letting the conquerors rule the New World however.  Natives paid the price through labor.  Tons of silver in Mexico and Peru.  During 1500s 16,000 tons exported. Much of it to Spain.

 Spanish felt sure there was another Aztec or Incan Empire out there.  They don’t do as well in North America.  Back in Europe there is division.  Indulgences started in the 13 th C in the Catholic church.  Some don’t agree with this.

 Believed the church was in trouble.  German monk, preached salvation was God’s gift.  95 Theses-only God can forgive sins, man can not.  Caused the Reformation, and perhaps helped spur pilgrimage to the “New World.”  John Calvin was his successor  However believed in a select few to get to heaven.

 He taught predestination, and having a “calling”.  Called on Christians to shape government and the world.  French followers called themselves Huguenots, and sought freedom in New World.

 Henry the VIII  Married Catherine of Aragon  Wants a divorce.  King of Spain enraged (her nephew), and pope Clement VI says no.  Forms Church of England…and gets his divorce.  Son rules for a little while, but dies.  However Catherine had a daughter…

 Mary his daughter with Catherine takes over…she’s a Catholic.  Poor Protestants.  She dies.  Elizabeth takes over, and she’s a Protestant.  Puritans are formed as a result of wanting “purity” of church.

 Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh both start colonizing Ireland.  Thought Irish were like Natives of N. America and savage.  No riches or reputation to be won there, they turned their sights on N. America.  Gilbert got first charter from Elizabeth.  Never made it to America

 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh brought colonists to Virginia named after Elizabeth the “virgin” queen.  Wingina is Native Chief, and naively believes the English can be controlled.  108 people come, but are not into having good relations with Natives.

 119 middle class people.  Each given 500 acres.  John White was governor.  He felt that they needed to coexist.  In 1587 pilot wanted to leave them at Roanoke instead of Chesapeake.

 White sailed back to England just as the war was beginning.  So the colonists got left behind.