Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–2 QUESTION.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–2 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–3 ANSWER ) 1)5.47 m Section11.1Solution Composition(p. 485 Using the density, the mass of the solution is found. Don’t forget that molality has units of kg of solvent and the mass of the solute must be subtracted from the calculated mass of solution.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–4 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–5 ANSWER 3)3.3 mL Section 4.3 The Composition of Solutions (p. 133) Use the dilution equation remembering that M is mol/L not mol/mL.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–6 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–7 ANSWER 4)Molarity Section 11.1 Solution Composition (p. 485) Molarity is moles per liter of solution. The volume of a solution is temperature dependent. Generally, a solution will increase in volume as temperature increases.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–8 ANSWER (continued)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–9 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–10 ANSWER ) 3)0.800 Section11.1Solution Composition(p. 485 Remember to convert grams to moles before attempting to find the mole fraction.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–11 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–12 ANSWER 4)All of these Section 11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation (p. 488) Nonpolar compounds will have little attraction to ions and will be poor solvents for ionic compounds.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–13 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–14 ANSWER T 1)he evaporation of water Section 11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation (p. 488) Endo meaning “in” or “inside” indicates that endothermic is the flow of heat into a system.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–15 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–16 QUESTION (continued)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–17 ANSWER ) - 5)Hydrogen bonding arises from the dipole moment created by the unequal sharing of electrons within certain covalent bonds within a molecule. Section11.3Factors Affecting Solubility(p. 492 Hydrogen bonding is a dipoledipole interaction, but one of such magnitude that it receives its own classification.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–18 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–19 ANSWER – ) 3)694 Section11.2The Energies of Solution Formation (p. 488 The hydration energy is needed to overcome the lattice energy, breaking the ionic bonds to loosen the ions in the crystal.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–20 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–21 ANSWER ) 5)none of these Section11.3Factors Affecting Solubility(p. 492 Henry’s law states that the amount of a gas dissolved in a solution is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the solution.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–22 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–23 ANSWER ) 2)decreases over time. Section11.4The Vapor Pressures of Solutions (p. 497 The concentration of the solution increases as the water evaporates. The higher the concentration of salt, the lower the vapor pressure.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–24 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–25 QUESTION (continued)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–26 ANSWER 5)molecules of A interact more strongly with B than A with A or B with B. Section 11.4 The Vapor Pressures of Solutions (p. 497) Raoult’s Law depends on solutions being ideal, that is, the molecules of A and molecules of B do not interact. Many solutions have near ideal behavior, but the solute(s) and solvent of every solution interact to some degree.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–27 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–28 QUESTION (continued)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–29 ANSWER = 3)b, c Section 11.4 The Vapor Pressures of Solutions (p. 497) PVnRT applies only to gases.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–30 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–31 ANSWER )density elevation Section 11.5 BoilingPoint Elevation and FreezingPoint Depression (p. 504) Density elevation is not a term in common chemical use.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–32 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–33 QUESTION (continued)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–34 ANSWER -- 4)While adding the solute, some was spilled on the lab bench. Section 11.5 BoilingPoint Elevation and Freezing Point Depression (p. 504) Aside from the possible health hazards, spilling chemicals in the lab will generally be disastrous to any quantitative experiment.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–35 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–36 QUESTION (continued)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–37 ANSWER -- 2)the solute particles lower the solvent’s vapor pressure, thus requiring a higher temperature to cause boiling. Section 11.5 BoilingPoint Elevation and Freezing Point Depression (p. 504) At the molecular level, solute molecules at the surface interfere with solvent molecules trying to reach the vapor phase. Extra energy is needed to escape.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–38 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–39 ANSWER ) 1)Water will flow from the cucumber to the solution. Section11.6Osmotic Pressure(p. 508 Water from the cucumber flows out in an attempt to bring the concentrations of ions to the same level inside and outside of the cucumber.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–40 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–41 ANSWER 2) isotonic Section11.6Osmotic Pressure(p. 508) Organisms attempt to keep their cells and their surroundings in an isotonic state. This state is the most beneficial to cell function.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–42 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 11–43 ANSWER ) 5)electrostatic repulsion Section11.8Colloids(p. 514 The electrostatic repulsion arises from the layers of ions that form around the colloidal particles.