Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis Human Geography Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis

Chapter 8 Livelihood & Economy: Primary Activities Human Geography Insert figure C08 Chapter 8 Livelihood & Economy: Primary Activities © Medioimages/Getty RF

Economic Geography The study of how people earn their living How livelihood systems vary by area How economic activities are spatially interrelated and linked Human Geography 11e

The Classification of Economic Activities & Economies Categories of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Quinary Insert figure 8.2 Human Geography 11e

Classification of Economies Types of Economic Systems Subsistence Goods and services are created for the use of the producers and their kinship groups Little exchange of goods and only limited need for markets Commercial Dominant in nearly all parts of the world Producers or their agents, in theory freely market their goods and services Planned Government agencies controlled both supply and price Locational patterns of production were tightly programmed by central planning departments Human Geography 11e

Agriculture Insert figure 8.7 Human Geography 11e

Subsistence Agriculture Extensive Subsistence Intensive Subsistence Urban Subsistence Expanding Crop Production Intensification and the Green Revolution Human Geography 11e

Commercial Agriculture Production Controls A Model of Agricultural Location Intensive Commercial Agriculture Extensive Commercial Agriculture Special Crops Agriculture in Planned Economies Human Geography 11e

Commercial Agriculture Farmers produce not for their own subsistence but primarily for a market off the farm itself Insert figure 8.19 © Corbis RF Human Geography 11e

Johann Heinrich von Thunen Early in the 19th century he observed that lands of apparently identical physical properties were used for different agricultural purposes Around each major urban market, he noted a set of concentric rings of different farm products The ring closest to the market specialized in perishable commodities that were both expensive to ship and in high demand Human Geography 11e

Johann Heinrich von Thunen Insert figure 8.14 Human Geography 11e

Resource Exploitation What Counts as a “Resource”? Resource Terminology Fishing Forestry Fur Trapping and Trade Mining and Quarrying Human Geography 11e

Development of Primary Activities Depends on: The occurrence of the perceived resources The technology to exploit them Cultural awareness of their value Fishing and forestry are gathering activities based on harvesting the natural bounty of renewable resources Fishing and Forestry - Heavily exploited renewable resources Part of both subsistence and advanced economies Their maximum sustainable yield is actually potentially being exceeded in some places Human Geography 11e

Mining Involves the exploitation of minerals unevenly distributed in amounts and concentrations determined by past geologic events, not by contemporary market demand Transportation costs play a major role in determining where low-value minerals will be mined Human Geography 11e

Trade in Primary Products Changing Pattern of Trade in Commodities and Manufactured Goods Volatility of Commodity Prices Price “Fixing” and Technological Change Agricultural Subsidies and Access to Markets Human Geography 11e