Opportunities and Linkages Between Sanitation & Agriculture Cecilia Ruben EcoSanRes Programme Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) SACOSAN-IV Platform Workshop, Sri Lanka, 27 April 2009 partner of

Publication from EcoSanRes Published by IWA, 2008

Ecological Sanitation = Productive Sanitation Implies a change in attitude towards safe reuse of nutrients from human excreta and the recovery of treated greywater to the environment Closing the Loop on Sanitation

Ecosan Community & Agriculture: The Complete Ecosan Household

Closing the Loop on Sanitation

Compost from human excreta. Appearance and texture of the final product depends on what is placed in the chamber/pit. (Malawi) Left: mixing composted faeces, urine and sandy soil Right: mixing composted faeces, urine, red soil and leaves

Ecosan Fertilisers – CREPA-Burkina Faso Birg-koom “liquid fertiliser” Birg-koenga “solid fertiliser” Faeces mixed with ash and stored for 6 months After 1 month’s storage in closed jerry can

Birg koomUrea

Linking Sanitation and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities  Nearly a billion people in 46 countries are malnourished  Each day 40,000 die of hunger and hunger-related diseases  75-80% of Africa's farmland is degraded  Africa loses 30-60kg nutrients/ha/yr - highest rate in world  2002/03 Sub-Saharan Africa used 8kg fertiliser/ha compared to South America (80kg), North America (98kg), Western Europe (175kg) and East Asia (202kg)  Cost of fertiliser in US is ¼ that of land-locked Africa  700 million people in 50 countries eat food from crops irrigated with untreated sewage  3.5 billion people are infected with helminth worm parasites  5,000-6,000 children die every day in the world due to water-borne diseases linked to lack of basic sanitation  60 million DALYs (person-years) are lost from diarrhea per year

Costs derived from transport, taxes, overheads, finance costs and margins cause fertiliser to cost much more in the poorest land- locked areas of the world such as Africa (IFDC, 2006)

Trend in global grain prices in USD per ton (World Bank, 2008)

Diammonium phosphate global bulk price trend to Oct 16 (ICIS, 2008)

Ammonia global bulk price trend to Oct 16 (ICIS, 2008)

World trends in fertiliser use (NY Times, 2008)

undernourished underfertilised undernourished overfertilised overnourished overfertilised Comparison between chemical nitrogen fertiliser used and potential nitrogen fertiliser derived from sanitation systems (SEI, 2005)

Sub-Saharan Africa Self-Sufficient Fertiliser Supply

Alternative ways of handling urine diverted from faeces: used directly, disposed of in an evapo-transpiration bed, stored in a tank for later use or evaporated. Winblad & Simpson Hébert, eds. 2004

Unfertilized maize (left) and urine-fertilized maize (right) (Morgan, Aquamor, Zimbabwe, 2005)

Maize Trials Using Urine as Fertiliser (Zimbabwe) (Aquamor)

Action Research - Testing Urine Fertilisation at CREPA-Mali Urine Without urine