Why measure Geoneutrinos: the Earth's Heat Budget

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Presentation transcript:

Why measure Geoneutrinos: the Earth's Heat Budget Bill McDonough, *Scott Wipperfurth Geology, U Maryland Fabio Mantovani, *Virginia Strati Physics, U Ferrara, Italy Hiroko Watanabe, Physics, Tohoku U Steve Dye, Natural Science, Hawaii Pacific U and Physics, U Hawaii *graduate student

Radioactive decay driving the Earth’s engine! Plate Tectonics, Convection, Geodynamo Radioactive decay driving the Earth’s engine! K, Th & U!

Chromatographic separation Mantle melting & crust formation U in the Earth: ~13 ng/g U in the Earth Metallic sphere (core) <<<1 ng/g U Silicate sphere 20* ng/g U *O’Neill & Palme (2008) 10 ng/g *Turcotte & Schubert (2002) 31 ng/g Continental Crust 1300 ng/g U Mantle ~12 ng/g U “Differentiation” Chromatographic separation Mantle melting & crust formation

Earth’s surface heat flow 46 ± 3 TW Mantle cooling (18 TW) Crust R* (7 ± 1 TW) (Rudnick and Gao ’03 Huang et al ‘13) Core (~9 TW) - (4-15 TW) Mantle R* (13 ± 4 TW) total R* 20 ± 4 *R radiogenic heat (after McDonough & Sun ’95) (0.4 TW) Tidal dissipation Chemical differentiation after Jaupart et al 2008 Treatise of Geophysics

Nature & amount of Earth’s thermal power radiogenic heating vs secular cooling - abundance of heat producing elements (K, Th, U) in the Earth - clues to planet formation processes - amount of radiogenic power to drive mantle convection & plate tectonics - is the mantle compositionally layered? or has large structures? estimates of BSE from 9TW to 36TW constrains chondritic Earth models estimates of mantle 1.3TW to 28TW the future is… Geoneutrino studies layers, LLSVP, superplume piles

Summary of geoneutrino results Silicate Earth MODELS Cosmochemical: uses meteorites – 10 TW Geochemical: uses terrestrial rocks –20 TW Geodynamical: parameterized convection – 30 TW TW scales relative to U 10, 20, 30 TW ≈ 10, 20, 30 ppb

Present Liquid Scintillator Detectors KamLAND, Japan (1kt) Borexino, Italy (0.3kt) SNO+, Canada (1kt) under construction (online 2015/16?) 116 +28 -27 from Mar ‘02 to Nov ‘12 14.3±4.4 from Dec ‘07 to Aug ‘12

Future detectors? LENA, EU (50kt) JUNO China (20kt) Hanohano International ocean-based (10kt)

Geoneutrino Flux on Earth Surface Activity and number of produced geoneutrinos Volume of source unit Survival probability function Abundance and density of the source unit Distance between source unit and detector Earth structure (r and L) and chemical composition (a)

Constructing a 3-D reference model Earth assigning chemical and physical states to Earth voxels

Predicted Global geoneutrino flux based on our new Reference Model Geoneutrino detection rate --TNU: Terrestrial Neutrino Unit -- 1 TNU = one geoneutrino event per 1032 free protons per year Huang et al (2013) G-cubed arXiv:1301.0365

Neutrinographic Imaging of Earth’s deep interior  SUMMARY Earth’s radiogenic (Th & U) power 22 ± 12 TW - Borexino 11.2 TW - KamLAND Prediction: models range from 8 to 28 TW (for Th & U) On-line and next generation experiments: SNO+ online 2015  JUNO: 2020, good experiment, big bkgd, geonu … Hanohano: this is FUNDAMENTAL for geosciences Geology must participate & contribute to the cost Future: Neutrinographic Imaging of Earth’s deep interior  + 7.9 - 5.1