Biochemistry Review pg

Carbohydrates C 1 H 2 O 1 (in monomers) Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides Functions: energy, structure Starch, cellulose, glucose, glycogen, sucrose

Lipids Contain C,H, and O (mostly) Triglycerides for example – Glycerol, 3 fatty acids Stores more energy than carbs or proteins (9 vs. 4 Calories) Saturated vs. Unsaturated – Which one is healthier Functions: Cell wall (phospho-), hormones, energy storage

Proteins Monomer = amino acid N-C-C-N-C-C Functions: Enzymes, structures like muscle fibers, hair, nails Carboxyl end and amino end Peptide bond

Functional Groups O O P O O Phosphate

Isomers Structural isomer – Variation in sequence of atoms Stereoisomer – Same sequence but different 3D orientation – Mirror image Geometric isomer – Alternate arrangement across a double bond

Nutrient Testing Benedict’s – monosaccharides (some di-), positive is green, red, orange, or yellow Iodine (Lugol’s) – Starch, black or dark blue-ish Biuret – Protein, violet Sudan IV – Lipids, orange/pink Paper test – Lipids, translucence

Enzymes Catalyst lowers activation energy Enzyme-substrate complex, activation site Lock and Key vs. Induced Fit Temperature, pH, concentration of: enzyme and substrate Competitive vs. Noncompetitive inhibition