Biochemistry Matter & Elements All matter made of elements (atoms)All matter made of elements (atoms) All atoms have structureAll atoms have structure Protons/electrons/neutrons? Charge? Mass? (Chart)Protons/electrons/neutrons? Charge? Mass? (Chart) # of protons in nucleus determines atom’s identity# of protons in nucleus determines atom’s identity Ions  atoms that gain or lose electronsIons  atoms that gain or lose electrons Hemoglobin Atom

Atomic Structure Protons  carry a +1 charge, mass of 1 AMU Neutrons  carry a 0 charge; mass of 1AMU Electrons  carry a –1charge; mass of 0 AMU Nucleus  consists of protons and neutrons; central part of the atom Electrons  move around the nucleus

Why Atoms Form Bonds 2 or more elements = compound2 or more elements = compound 1st 20 elements have up to 3 energy levels/ 2 electrons on 1st level, up to 8 on 2nd level, and 8 on the 3rd level1st 20 elements have up to 3 energy levels/ 2 electrons on 1st level, up to 8 on 2nd level, and 8 on the 3rd level Most elements want to have 8 electrons in outer shellMost elements want to have 8 electrons in outer shell Atoms will share or steal to get 8 electrons in outer shellAtoms will share or steal to get 8 electrons in outer shell Sharing electrons  covalent bondsSharing electrons  covalent bonds Stealing electrons  ionic bondsStealing electrons  ionic bonds

Covalent Bond In Action

Ionic Bond In Action

NaCl- Ionic Bond CH 4- Covalent Bond

Chemical Changes, Chemical Symbols, & Formulas Chemical Symbols-  look at P.T. Chemical Formulas  group of symbols together Exp. H 2 O, CO 2, 5H 2 O

Acids and Bases Pure water has equal amounts of H+ and OH- If equal number of H+ and OH-, solution is neutral

pH Scale Scale measures amount of H+ ions in solutions pH = 7-neutral pH< 7 –acidic pH > 7--basic

Polarity of Water Structure of water is VERY unique H 2 O Oxygen has 8 protons & 8 electronsOxygen has 8 protons & 8 electrons Opposites attract, and electrons are pulled in close to the nucleusOpposites attract, and electrons are pulled in close to the nucleus Hydrogen has 1 proton & 1 electronsHydrogen has 1 proton & 1 electrons Not held together very closelyNot held together very closely

Water’s Structure In H 2 O, Oxygen slightly pulls the electrons away from the 2 Hydrogen moleculesIn H 2 O, Oxygen slightly pulls the electrons away from the 2 Hydrogen molecules Oxygen becomes partially negativeOxygen becomes partially negative Hydrogen becomes partially positiveHydrogen becomes partially positive Water is a POLAR molecules (slightly charged)Water is a POLAR molecules (slightly charged) Polarity makes water stick togetherPolarity makes water stick together

Polarity of Water

Physical Properties of water Ice floats Water absorbs and retains heat Water molecules stick to each other Water molecules stick to other polar substances

Ice floats: When water freezes, hydrogen bonds lock water molecules into a structure that has empty spaces, making it less dense than liquid water

Water absorbs and retains heat Because of hydrogen bonds, water can absorb large amounts of energy Absorbs lot of heat before it boils Helps keep cells at an even temperature despite changes in the environment – homeostasis again!! Allows large bodies of water to maintain a relatively constant temperature.

Energy In living organisms, energy is stored as chemical, mechanical, and thermal energy Types of Energy Potential Energy – stored energy; energy of position Kinetic Energy- Energy of motion Law of Conservation of Energy- energy is not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction (1 st Law of Thermodynamics)

Energy & Chemical Reactions Reactants = substances that begin a chemical reaction Products = substances that are made from a chemical reaction A + B  AB ReactantsProducts

Different Types of Reactions Exergonic Reaction = releases energy Endergonic Reaction = absorbs energy Oxidation Reactions = reactant loses electrons Reduction Reaction = reactant gains electrons

Organic Examples Carbohydrates provide energy to cellsprovide energy to cells help build cell structureshelp build cell structures monosaccharides= 1 sugar unitmonosaccharides= 1 sugar unit disaacharides = 2 connected sugar unitsdisaacharides = 2 connected sugar units polysaccharides = more than 2 connected sugar unitspolysaccharides = more than 2 connected sugar units Glucose- The Ultimate Carbohydrate

Lipids Fats (triglycerides) Used for energy Long chain molecules Triglyceride = 3 FA’s + glycerol Saturated= not easily broken down (all single bonds) Unsaturated= easily broken down (double bonds) The Phospholipid Bilayer

Proteins THE structural material of the body! 1.Hormones 2.Receptors 3.Enzymes Made from Amino Acids (connected via peptide bonds) Collagen Hemoglobin

Levels of organization:

Keratin-The Protein of Hair and Fingernails

Hemoglobin = Transport Protein

Nucleic Acids Make our genesMake our genes Instruct body which proteins to makeInstruct body which proteins to make Made from nucleotidesMade from nucleotides DNA + RNADNA + RNA