Abiotic factors in an ecosystem The Climate Temperature Temperature Moisture Moisture Nutrient cycling Nutrient cycling All are controlled by the location of the ecosystem All are controlled by the location of the ecosystem

Living Components of an Ecosystem The cycle of Energy

Energy Cycling Energy travels through an ecosystem Energy travels through an ecosystem It enters as sunlight and become low energy detritus. It enters as sunlight and become low energy detritus. It passes through organism to organism. It passes through organism to organism. Many different organisms carry the same energy. Many different organisms carry the same energy. It is passed by being eaten (consumed) It is passed by being eaten (consumed) The amount of usable energy decreases on each step The amount of usable energy decreases on each step

Decomposers Decomposers enter the energy cycle at nearly all levels. Decomposers enter the energy cycle at nearly all levels. They consume dead organisms and intern are eaten. They consume dead organisms and intern are eaten. They recycle potentially wasted energy. They recycle potentially wasted energy.

Primary producers Also called autrotrophs. Also called autrotrophs. Convert solar energy (sunlight) into chemical energy. Convert solar energy (sunlight) into chemical energy. May be plants algae or types of bacteria. May be plants algae or types of bacteria. Provide chemical energy to those who consume them. Provide chemical energy to those who consume them. 94% of the energy utilized is converted lo low energy waste 6% or less is passed on 94% of the energy utilized is converted lo low energy waste 6% or less is passed on

Photosynthesis Convert Co2 and energy into C6H12O6 Convert Co2 and energy into C6H12O6

Account of most of the biomass on earth. Biomass the amount or life in an area-by weight Biomass the amount or life in an area-by weight

1 st order Consumers Consume primary producers. Consume primary producers. Called herbivores / primary consumers. Called herbivores / primary consumers. Use only 10 % of the energy provided by the plants. Use only 10 % of the energy provided by the plants. 90% of energy the organism receives from plants is converted to waste. 90% of energy the organism receives from plants is converted to waste.

2 nd order consumers Eat 1 st order consumers Eat 1 st order consumers Are called carnivores or parasites Are called carnivores or parasites Receive only about 10% of the energy that herbivores use. Receive only about 10% of the energy that herbivores use. They intern waste 90% the energy they receive. They intern waste 90% the energy they receive.

Higher order consumers Have humungous ranges because of the enormous amount of primary productivity required to support all the links in the chain. Have humungous ranges because of the enormous amount of primary productivity required to support all the links in the chain. 3 rd order consumers are called tertiary consumers an are relatively common. 3 rd order consumers are called tertiary consumers an are relatively common. Wolfs or killer whales Wolfs or killer whales 4th and 5th level consumers are found only in extremely productive ecosystems and are very rare. 4th and 5th level consumers are found only in extremely productive ecosystems and are very rare.

Organisms By decreasing biomass Rule of 10

Food webs

Arrows indicate the direction of energy. Arrows indicate the direction of energy.

Bioaccumulation Toxins are passed up a food chain each step becoming more concentrated. Toxins are passed up a food chain each step becoming more concentrated. Mercury in aquatic organisms

6 Kingdom classification Eubacteria Eubacteria Archaeobacteria 3.6 Archaeobacteria 3.6 Protists 1.2 billion Protists 1.2 billion Animals 700 million Animals 700 million Fungi 390 million Fungi 390 million Plants 420 million Plants 420 million

Organisms Compete Between the individuals in a population Between the individuals in a population Between populations Between populations

Competition reduces niches Fundamental niche the total range an organism could occupy. Fundamental niche the total range an organism could occupy. Realized niche the range of an organism after competition. Realized niche the range of an organism after competition.