“Ultimately, the basis for all disgust is us ― that we live and die and that the process is a messy one emitting substances and odors that make us doubt.

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“Ultimately, the basis for all disgust is us ― that we live and die and that the process is a messy one emitting substances and odors that make us doubt ourselves and fear our neighbors.” (Miller, 1997, p. xiv) Disgust

0 = something you would not like 50 = neutral 100 = something you would like How would you feel about wearing a sweater that was… …brand new? …worn by a perfectly healthy stranger? …worn by someone diagnosed with leukemia? …worn by someone who lost his/her leg in a car accident? …worn by someone who was convicted of murder?

Elicitors: What causes disgust?

For North Americans… Elicitors of Disgust Food Body products Animals Sexual behaviors Contact with death or corpses Violations of exterior envelope of the body (including gore and deformity) Poor hygiene Interpersonal Contamination (contact w/ unsavory human beings) Moral offenses (Haidt, Rozin, & colleagues, 1993, 1994, 1997)

Definition of Disgust Focus on mouth, real/imagined ingestion, or oral rejection of aversive stimulus (Ekman & Friesen, 1975) Avoidance of stimuli High in infection potential (Curtis et al., 2004) Oral toxins and parasites (Kelly, 2007) Probably began as a rejection response to guard body from harmful food As human societies developed, definition expanded to a rejection response that guards humans from a variety of dangers Harm for body + Harm for Soul (e.g., morality, social order)

Disgust Components Physiological Arousal? Subjective Feelings? Cognitive Appraisals? Behavior Change?

Disgust 4 Components Physiology: PNS Activation – ↓HR, ↓BP, nausea, gagging, passing out SNS Activation - ↑SCR, ↑HR, ↑BP May depend on situation – threat vs. consumption Brain Areas: insula, basal ganglia, parts of prefrontal cortex Subjective Feelings: Repulsion, Drop in arousal Appraisals It’s contaminated! It has a disease! It reminds me of an animal! I’m feeling lightheaded!

(Scherer, 1997)

Disgust 4 Components Physiology: PNS Activation – ↓HR, ↓BP, nausea, gagging, passing out SNS Activation - ↑SCR, ↑HR, ↑BP May depend on situation – threat vs. consumption Brain Areas: insula, basal ganglia, parts of prefrontal cortex Subjective Feelings: Repulsion, Drop in arousal Appraisals It’s contaminated! It has a disease! It reminds me of an animal! I’m feeling lightheaded! Behavior: Rejection, Avoidance, and Facial Expressions

RETRACTION OF UPPER LIP Expressive Component NOSE WRINKLE RETRACTION OF UPPER LIP GAPE

4 Types of Disgust Core Animal-Nature Interpersonal Moral

Core Disgust Oral defense related to food contamination Not just a bad taste Not just danger to the body (i.e., fear) Distasteful PLUS Dangerous Universal across cultures 3 Appraisals Required: Oral Incorporation, Offensiveness, and Contamination

Core Disgust: Oral Incorporation into the Self Strongest aversion is to an offensive entity in mouth Appraisal - You are what you eat Believe that we take on the physical and moral properties of the thing that we eat

Core Disgust: Offensiveness All animals and their waste products as potential foods All cultures eat a small subset of animal foods In many cultures, we disguise our food Many cultures share same food taboos

Core Disgust: Offensiveness Animals and the waste products of all animals as potential food Universal- All cultures eat a small subset of animal foods Many cultures share same food taboos In many cultures, we disguise our food

Core Disgust: Contamination Universal Contamination Response Adaptation for disease avoidance Law of Contagion – once in contact, always in contact Kelly’s Law of Similarity – the image equals the object

4 Types of Disgust Core Animal-Nature Interpersonal Moral

Animal-Nature Disgust List most disgusting things 25% classified as core disgust 75% classified into 4 additional domains: Inappropriate sexual acts Poor hygiene Death (Terror Management Theory; Greenberg et al., 1986) Imagining death → Disgust Disgust → Thoughts about death Envelope Violations (e.g., gore, deformity, obesity) (Haidt, Rozin, & colleagues, 1997)

Animal-Nature Disgust Disgust Elicitor: anything that reminds us that we are animals Inappropriate sexual acts – veneral disease Poor hygiene – skin to skin, hair to hair Death (Terror Management Theory) Envelope Violations Fragile body envelopes display our commonality with animals

4 Types of Disgust Core Animal-Nature Interpersonal Moral

0 = something you would not like 50 = neutral 100 = something you would like How would you feel about wearing a sweater that was… …brand new? …worn by a perfectly healthy stranger? …worn by someone diagnosed with leukemia? …worn by someone who lost his/her leg in a car accident? …worn by someone who was convicted of murder?

Interpersonal Disgust Disgust Elicitor: Other people, who are containers of waste products Adaptation discourages contact with strangers Strangeness (e.g., worn bowling shoes) Misfortune (e.g., amputated leg) Disease (e.g., tuberculosis, ebola) Moral Taint (e.g., conviction for murder) (Rozin et al., 1989, 1994)

CORE ANIMAL-NATURE INTERPERSONAL Silence of the Lambs Giada Outbreak Hangover

Disgust Sensitivity Disgust Scale (DS; Haidt et al., 1994) Food Products Animal Products Body Products Core Elicitors Inappropriate sexuality Envelope Violations Death Animal-Nature Elicitors Human-human contact Interpersonal Elicitors

Core? Animal-Nature? Interpersonal? You see a man with his intestines exposed after an accident. You are walking barefoot on concrete and step on a worm. You hear about a 30-year old man who seeks sexual relationships with 80-year old women. You accidentally touch the ashes of a person who has been cremated. If I see someone vomit, it makes me sick to my stomach. You see someone put ketchup on vanilla ice cream and eat it. I never let any part of my body touch toilet seats in public restrooms.

Disgust Sensitivity Are you willing to touch it?’’ (88%) ‘‘Are you willing to pick it up in your hand?’’ (82%) ‘‘Are you willing to touch it to your lip?’’ (64%) ‘‘Are you willing to take a bite?’’ (57%) (Rozin et al., 1999)

Disgust Sensitivity Participants engaged in 26 disgust-related tasks Disgust Behavior Measure: average performance on disgust related tasks High = high willingness to engage in disgust-related behaviors Low = low willingness to engage in disgust-related behaviors Disgust Scale (Haidt et al., 1994) High = High likeliness to experience disgust Low = Low likeliness to experience disgust (Rozin et al., 1999)

Disgust Behavior Average 26 Behaviors Disgust Scale Mucous .76* -.26 Grasshopper .70* -.46* Dogfudge .69* -.31* Mealworm .68* -.39* Ketchup on cracker .67* -.08 Condom .63* -.17 Ashes .57* -.33* Wormpop -.11 Cockroach .56* -.43* Pighead .53* Bedpan .49* Monkeyfilm .47* -.29* Tampon .46* -.15 Surgeryfilm .29* -.30* Grassjelly .26* -.06 Snake .24 Average 26 Disgust Behaviors -.41*

Disgust Sensitivity Disgust Scale (DS; Haidt et al., 1994) Predicts disgust-relevant behavior When looking at disgusting photos, disgusting facial expressions, and inhaling bad odors, higher scores linked to greater insular cortex activation Greater SCR Lower HR Associated with clinical disorders Core and interpersonal predict contamination aspects of OCD Animal-reminder predicts blood-injection-injury fears [Wicker, B., et al. (2003). Both of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 40, 655-664. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2]

Who has greater disgust sensitivity? Women or men? Older or Younger? High or low socioeconomic status? More or less education? Psychopathy or no psychopathy?

4 Types of Disgust Core Animal-Nature Interpersonal Moral

Moral Disgust Disgust Elicitor: Moral violation Elicitors Vary by Culture North Americans – violations of individual (betrayal, hypocrisy) Japanese – violations of social order (ostracism, being ignored)

Is moral disgust an emotion? Evidence to Support Cross-cultural similarity in words that describe both core and moral disgust English – disgusted French – dégoût German – Ekel Hebrew – go-al Japanese – ken-o Chinese – aw-shin (Haidt et al., 1997)

Is moral disgust an emotion? Evidence to Support Cross-cultural similarity in words that describe both core and moral disgust Insula cortex is activated for both moral, core, and animal- nature disgust Physiology for moral disgust parallels physiology for core disgust, not anger (Sherman et al., 2007)

Is moral disgust an emotion? Evidence Against “Grossed Out” → Core Disgust “Disgusted” → Disgust and Anger Lay word = Disgust + Anger Disgust scale elicitors weakly correlated with moral disgust elicitors (Nabi, 2002; Haidt et al., 1999)

CAD Triad Hypothesis Community / Contempt Divinity / Disgust Violations of communal codes Violations of individual rights Community / Contempt Divinity / Disgust Autonomy / Anger Violations of purity and sanctity [Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S., & Haidt, J. (1999). The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 574-586. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.574]

Evidence for CAD Hypothesis US and Japanese Students read scenarios that included 1 of the 3 violations Community: A person is seeing someone burn the American [Japanese] flag Autonomy: Someone is edging ahead of a person in a long line Divinity: A person is touching a corpse To each scenario, assigned 1 of 6 facial expressions – anger, contempt, disgust 1 of 3 emotion labels – anger, contempt, disgust [Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S., & Haidt, J. (1999). The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 574-586. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.574]

[Rozin, P. , Lowery, L. , Imada, S. , & Haidt, J. (1999) [Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S., & Haidt, J. (1999). The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 574-586. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.574]