The Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity Speaker’s Slides and Message Points * Material Current as of June 16, 2005

Obesity is Still a Top Public Health Problem in America Obesity can be deadly Obesity rates are soaring in America Obesity is related to many chronic health problems Obesity increases the risks of problems in pregnancy and childbirth Overweight has important health consequences in children The costs associated with obesity are high and growing

Obesity Can Be Deadly Newest estimate from CDC: 112,000 deaths each year ¾ of deaths occur in people younger than 70 years

The Science of Estimating Obesity-Related Deaths is Complex and Evolving Scientists keep working to describe full health effects of obesity Role of obesity in death is complex Obesity is not reported reliably on death certificates Scientists must use complex modeling techniques to estimate obesity-related deaths

Estimates of Obesity-Related Deaths Have Changed Because of Newer Data, Different Methods Earlier CDC estimates were based on older data –Reflected health risks of 1970s –Led to estimate of 365,000 deaths New estimates used newer data, different methods –May better reflect current health status of U.S. population –May reflect lower death rates for obesity-related diseases like heart disease –Methods accounted for decrease in obesity-related deaths among older adults

Risk Factors for Heart Disease Have Fallen Dramatically Over Past 40 Years (U.S. Adults 20 – 74): HIGH TOTAL CHOLESTEROL High total cholesterol level (>=240 mg/dL) 2005 American Medical AssociationJAMA, April 20, 2005-Vol293, No. 15 Risk Factors by BMI Group

Risk Factors for Heart Disease Have Fallen Dramatically Over Past 40 Years (U.S. Adults 20 – 74): HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE High blood pressure (systolic >=140 mm Hg or diastolic >=90 mm Hg 2005 American Medical AssociationJAMA, April 20, 2005-Vol293, No. 15 Risk Factors by BMI Group

Risk Factors for Heart Disease Have Fallen Dramatically Over Past 40 Years (U.S. Adults 20 – 74): SMOKING Smoking 2005 American Medical AssociationJAMA, April 20, 2005-Vol293, No. 15 Risk Factors by BMI Group

Obesity Rates are Soaring in America Adult obesity has doubled since 1980 Since 1990 rates have jumped in every state in Nation

Obesity Is Related to Many Chronic Health Problems Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Heart disease Stroke Breast cancer Colon cancer Arthritis Gallbladder disease Physical disability Sleep disturbances Breathing problems

Obesity Increases Risks of Problems in Pregnancy and Childbirth Infant death Infant birth defects Delivery by cesarean section Slow or difficult labor or delivery Diabetes and high blood pressure in pregnancy Infertility Menstrual problems

Percentage of Overweight U.S. Children and Adolescents is Soaring* * >95th percentile for BMI by age and sex based on 2000 CDC BMI-for-age growth charts **Data from for children 6-11 years of age and from for adolescents years of age Source: National Center for Health Statistics 18 Ages Ages **

Overweight Has Important Health Consequences in Children 70% chance of being overweight as adults Childhood onset of type 2 diabetes –Face future risk of serious complications: kidney disease, blindness, amputations –Children born in 2000 have a high risk of getting diabetes in their lifetimes: 33% of males 39% of females Risk factors for heart disease –61% of overweight 5-10-year olds have at least one risk factor –26% have two or more risk factors

Costs Associated with Obesity are High and Growing Direct health costs attributable to obesity estimated to be –$52 billion in 1995 –$75 billion in 2003 Hospital costs related to childhood overweight have tripled in last 20 years

Three Key Factors Are Related to the Onset of Obesity Poor dietary practices Decreased physical activity Increased inactivity

Americans’ Food Practices are Shifting Dramatically Reduced frequency of family meals Increased fast food consumption Increased portion size Increased consumption of soft drinks (from 27 to 50 gallons/year from ) Restrained eating, meal skipping

Physical Education in High Schools is on the Decline Participation in daily P.E. classes, 9-12 th graders: % %

Heavy TV Viewing Among Teens Has Increased Dramatically ( NHES Youth Aged in and NLSY Youth Aged in 1990) TV Hours (Youth Report)

As TV Time Increases, So Do Rates of Overweight in Teenagers (NHES Youth Aged in and NLSY Youth Aged in 1990) TV Hours Per Day (Youth Report) (0-1) (1-2) (3-4) (4-5) (>5) (2-3)

Scientists Agree on Steps to Reduce Obesity and Promote Health Eat a healthy diet (e.g., 2 cups fruit and 2 and 1/2 cups vegetables each day, based on 2,000-calorie diet) Get regular physical activity (e.g., for adults, at least 30 minutes of moderate- intensity activity 5 days per week, or at least 20 minutes of vigorous activity 3 days a week) Go for regular visits to the doctor –to monitor risk factors –if you have an obesity-related condition and are trying to lose weight