Do Now List as many words as you can think of to describe a body of water (example: ocean)

Communication Linguistics and the Arts

What do the following words mean? Whalers Crisps Pop Trousers Sucker Billfold Thermals Kleenex

Linguistics The essential function of language is communication Language is the medium for the transition of culture Human communication is no limited to spoken language

Cognition Not all people process the world in the same way. Cognition is based on both language and culture, as well as biology

Non-human communication Systems of communication are not unique to humans Other animals communicate through sound, odor, and body movement

The ability of gorillas and chimpanzees to learn sign language suggests symbolic communication is not unique to humans

Vervet Monkeys

Human Communication Symbolic Arbitrary in meaning Open

Symbolic Language has meaning even when its referent in not present

Arbitrary in meaning There is no “natural” word for a thing. We “make-up” what to call it.

Do Now: See handout

Open Language is governed by complex rules about how sounds and sequences of sounds can be combined to produce an infinite variety of meanings

Descriptive Linguistics Also known as structural linguistics Seeks to determine the rules of: – Phonology – Morphology – Syntax

Phones Phones are sounds Phonology is the study of the rules that predict how sounds are made and used Phonemes- a sound or set of sounds that makes a difference in meaning

Morphs The smallest unit of language that has meaning is a morph Morphology is the study of how sound sequences convey meaning Morphemes- one or more morphs with the same meaning

Syntax How words are strung together to form phases or sentences

Lexicon A list of a languages morphs and meanings

Closure Exit Ticket: Write down 3 things you learned about parts of speech.

Do Now If you could learn to speak another language which one would you learn? Why? (3 Sentences)

Historical Linguistics Historic linguistics seek to determine the origins and changes in languages over time

Dialects Variations on a language spoken in an area by several groups

Origins of Language Linguists study the origins of languages by comparing common elements in languages Cognates-words that have the same meaning in multiple languages

Protolanguages Are presumed languages from which other languages originate Proto-Indo European (about 50% of world languages) Sino-Tibetan Bantu Native America Amarid

Dyen List A list of Proto Indo- European cognates

English English is an Indo- European language English is a Germanic language

Nearly 1/3 of English words are French in origin (1066 Norman invasion of England) During the Renaissance Latin and Greek words are added to English

Language Divergence Both isolation and contact lead to the evolution of new languages The isolation of the German Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on an island =English

European colonization in the = the spread of Spanish, English, and French The spread of Islam = spread of Arabic

Closure Do you think the world is becoming more unilingual or multilingual? Why?

Do Now What other words can you use that mean the same thing as “kill”? (3 Sentences)

Writing Writing developed c.5KYA to keep track of planting cycles Calendars were the first form of writing

Writing evolved along the following lines – Ideograms- image = idea – Pictograms- image = what it is a picture of – Phonograms- image = a sound

Alphabet Our alphabet was originally developed by the Phoenicians The Greeks adopted and modified the Phoenician alphabet

The Romans adopted and modified the alphabet further The alphabet was further changed by the Germans after the fall of Rome

Exit Ticket Is it right for the military to use other words to describe killing? What effect might this have on our society?

Do Now Type 1- 4 Lines- What will a girl or guy do to show they like you?

Exit Ticket Why do you think people pick up on non- verbal communication clues so easily?

Hieroglyphs An Egyptian phonographic writing system Rosetta Stone- important archaeological find that allowed for the translation of hieroglyphs

Khipu Also spelled quipu, an Incan writing method that uses knots to record information. In some ways it is similar to the binary code of computers

Language and Culture The way society views the world around it can be reflected in its language More complex societies have larger vocabularies Core Vocabulary- non-specialist vocabulary

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Language also influences culture Studies show societies whose languages have more gender emphasis developed gender concepts earlier

Ethnography of Speaking Speech can reveal social status Lower class individuals generally speak heterogeneously, while high classes speak homogenously (Grammar) Age, social standing, occupation can all be reflected in speech

Ethnography of Speaking Gender differences and biases are often seen in language Directs vs. Indirect commands (How to Give Orders Like a Man) (Eastern vs. Western Cultures)

Sociolinguistics The study of culture and subculture patterns of speaking in different social contexts :

Codeswitching Changing languages in the course of a conversation

Diglosia A situation where there is more than one language spoken There is almost always a language hierarchy

Language Planning MSA- Modern Standard Arabic

The Arts Art, like language, is a cultural universal It is an expressive form of communication It stimulates senses, affects emotions, it has cultural meaning, it is produced in a culturally patterned way, and some people are thought to be better at it than others

Body Art All societies decorate or adorn the body Examples include: – Scaring – Piercing – Tattoos – Branding

Visual Art A cultures’ technology and materials are the two restraining limits on art Two aspects reveled in a societies art are items of importance and social stratification

Music Cultural complexity reveals itself in a cultures’ music Cross-culture studies suggest links between music style and child rearing, gender stratification, and social stratification

Folklore Folklore includes myths, legends, folktales, ballads, riddles, proverbs, and superstations Cross-culture research suggests aggression in folklore mirrors aggression in society

Folklore Folklore reveals cultural norms and rules Folklore is traditional transmitted orally

Arabic Art The Quran forbids images of Allah or Mohamed As such Islamic art tends to focus less on individuals and more on complex geometric patters.

Art is always changing Cultural contact has profound impact on art Commercialization affects art as well