Reformation Ideas Spread 1WH.C4.PO2

Reformation Ideas Spread Catholic Monarchs and the Catholic Church fought back against the Protestants. Also took steps to reform the Church and restore its leadership 2WH.C4.PO2

Radical Reformers Anabaptist – Rejected enfant baptism saying only adults could understand the principle of baptism – Sought radical social change Abolishing private property – Used violence to speed up God’s second coming? – Most were peaceful Separation of Church and state Religious toleration – Baptist, Quakers, Amish, Mennonites 3WH.C4.PO2

The English Reformation Some English clergy adopted some Protestant ideas and advocated Church Reform Church Reform in England was done by King Henry VIII for political reasons. King Henry VIII 4WH.C4.PO2

Henry VIII Called “defender of the faith” by the Pope for denouncing Martin Luther 1527 Henry wanted to divorce his Spanish wife of 18 years, Catherine of Aragon. – Aunt to the Holy Roman Emperor – Charles V He asked Pope to annul his marriage since Catholic religion doesn’t allow divorce. – She had not provided a male heir to the throne 5WH.C4.PO2

Catherine of Aragon Katherine Parr Anne Boleyn Katherine Howard Anne of Cleves Jane Seymour Divorced executed Divorced Died executed widowed 6WH.C4.PO2

Break with Rome Henry VIII was furious about the denial by the Pope for his divorce. He took over the church in England Act of Supremacy passed in 1534 made Henry – “the only head on earth of the Church of England” Catholics that refused to accept it were executed for treason. – Thomas More, English Humanist – canonized by Catholic Church (sainthood) 7WH.C4.PO2

Church of England Royal officials seized & closed monasteries and convents – Gave their lands to Nobles and high-ranking citizens – Secured support for new church The new church of England was called the Anglican Church WH.C4.PO28

Elizabethan Settlement After Henry’s death – his 10 year old son ruled but died in his teens. – Advisors were devout Protestants At his death, Mary Tudor became Queen – Determined to return England to Catholicism On Mary’s death, 1558, the throne passed to Henry’s other daughter - Elizabeth WH.C4.PO29

Elizabethan Settlement Elizabeth introduced reforms establishing a middle ground – Preserved much of the Catholic ritual and ceremony – Kept hierarchy of bishops and archbishops – Reaffirmed that the monarch was head of the church – Restored Book of Common Prayer; accepted moderate Protestant doctrine – Allowed services in English rather that Latin WH.C4.PO210

Catholic Reformation Protestant Reformation forced a reform movement on the Catholic church itself. Pope Paul III – – Revive church’s moral authority – To end Protestant tide – To end corruption within the papacy WH.C4.PO211 Pope Paul III

Council of Trent Reaffirmed Catholic views – Salvation comes from faith and good works – Bible, while a major source of truth, is not only source Took steps to end Church abuses – Penalties for worldliness and corruption – Established schools to educate clergy to challenge Protestant teachings WH.C4.PO212

The Inquisition Court set up during the Middle Ages Used secret testimony, torture, and execution to root our heresy. Index of Forbidden Books: – Books considered too immoral or irreligious – Books by Luther and Calvin WH.C4.PO213

Ignatius of Loyola Founded Society of Jesus, or Jesuits in 1540 Determined to combat heresy and spread Catholic faith Jesuits set out to spread Catholic faith throughout the world – Asia – Africa – Americas WH.C4.PO214

Father Kino and Mission San Xavier Jesuit missionary Worked with leaders of New Spain to spread Catholicism to Sonoran Desert area that we call home WH.C4.PO215

Results of Catholic Reformation Rome was more devout Reforms did slow the tide of Protestant conversions Europe remained divided into a Catholic South and Protestant North WH.C4.PO216

Widespread Persecution Catholics and Protestants both fostered intolerance – Both sides guilty of attacks and murder Witch Hunts – Saw connection between magic and heresy – Women and some men accused – Looking for scapegoats for their problems Outcasts: beggars, poor widows, midwives, herbalists WH.C4.PO217

Jews and the Reformation Reformation was hard on the Jews – Spain expelled them in 1492 – Italy allowed them to stay Jews prospered in the arts and business 1516, Venice and other cities ordered all Jews to live in a separate quarter of the city – known as a ghetto WH.C4.PO218

Jews and the Reformation Protestants hoped Jews would convert to Christianity When they didn’t convert – Expelled from Christian lands – Synagogues were burned Some were required to wear yellow badge when they travelled. WH.C4.PO219

Questions to Ponder Describe the steps by which England became a Protestant country. What were the goals of the Catholic Reformation? Why did persecution increase after the Reformation? WH.C4.PO220