"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.“ - 10 th Amendment

1950s- Government really gets involved 1960s- Desegregation of schools 1980s- Reagan and H.R. Bush return responsibility to the states 1990s- Clinton attempts to expand the federal role again 2000s- Bush signs No Child Left Behind Act

 1958  Provides funds for math, science, and foreign language programs  Enacted for the “security of the nation”  There is some debate about the legality of this act

 1964  Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas  Title IV- gave the federal government power to desegregate schools  Title VI- gave the federal government power to withhold funds from segregated schools

 1965  Made federal government the center of policy making power  Provided funds and support for poverty programs, school libraries, textbooks and other instructional materials, counseling and health services, and remedial instruction  Research centers and labs to advance educational practice were established with ESEA funds

 1992  Created by President Bill Clinton in attempt to expand the federal role in education  Responsible for distributing and certifying curricular content, student performance standards, and opportunity-to learn standards

 January 8, 2002  Signed into law by President George W. Bush  Part of ESEA  Requires states to close the achievement gap and ensure that all students achieve academic proficiency all 12 years  Schools must make adequate yearly progress (AYP) or be subject to improvement, corrective action, and reconstructing measures

 2010  Enacted by President Barack Obama  Part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act  Geared toward improving schools, raising achievement, driving reforms and producing better results for students

 Barbour, C., Barbour, N. H., & Scully, P. A. (2004). Families, Schools, and Communities Building Partnerships for Educating Children (3rd Edition) (3 ed.). Alexandria, VA: Prentice Hall.  Chapter 2.  Dupuis, V. L., Gollnick, D. M., Hall, G. E., Johnson, J. A., & Musial, D. L. (2001). Introduction to the Foundations of American Education (12th Edition) (12 ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.  Chapters 5 and 8.  Mcnergney, J. M., & Mcnergney, R. F. (2006). Education: The Practice and Profession of Teaching (5th Edition) (5 ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.  Chapters 5, 8, and 9.  Sadker, D. M., & Zittleman, K. (2008). Teachers Schools & Society (2Rev Ed ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.  Chapter 5.  Reuters. (n.d.). FindLaw: U.S. Constitution: Tenth Amendment. FindLaw: Cases and Codes. Retrieved September 8, 2010, from  Department of Education. (n.d.). The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001). ED.gov. Retrieved September 8, 2010, from www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html  Department of Education. (n.d.). ED Recovery Act. ED.gov. Retrieved September 9, 2010, from www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/leg/recovery/recovery-plans-2010.pdf