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Kinship The ways in which human beings organize social relationships around the universal experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance.

Different forms of social organization and the kinds of technology use associated with them have a direct impact upon gender relations and power distribution.

Hunting-gathering societies Women are not relegated to the private sphere of the home because there is no distinction between the public and the private or domestic realms as we understand it.

Bilateral kindred A kinship group consisting of the relatives of one person or group of siblings.

Neolithic Revolution 10,000 years ago different groups of people in various part of the world learned how to cultivate and harvest plants and care for domestic animals.

Horticulture A system of cultivation using simple tools such as hoes and digging sticks

Descent The cultural principle that defines social categories through culturally recognized parent-child connections.

Bilateral Descent The principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through their mothers and their fathers equally.

Unilineal Descent The idea that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by links made through a father or mother only.

Matrilineal System I A way of reckoning descent through the mother’s line.

Matrilineage The specific social group formed by people connected by mother-child links. Relatively egalitarian in terms of gender relations.

Matriliny is not matriarchy.

Patrilineal Descent Systems Based on reckoning descent through the father’s line.

Agriculture = intense form of cultivation

Agriculture Production of surpluses = when people grow more food than what they can actually consume. Accumulation of wealth Accumulation of people in urban centers.

Clear social inequalities and exploitation are built into the economies of all the great agrarian civilizations.

New social structure transforms the extended networks of kin that support each other throughout life, which characterize societies with descent groups, into nuclear families and monogamous marriages.

Women become very isolated from other women, and relegated to the domestic realm. They don’t have a say in the political life of the society.

Double Standard Tremendous supervision of female sexuality, while men have easier access to divorce and extramarital sex.

Virginity Complex The ideology that the purity of women reflects on the honour and status of their families. This ideology is enforced by systematic and severe control of women’s social and sexual behaviour.

Gossip One of the main forms through which social control of women takes place.