FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Business Management

Today’s Objectives  Interpret basic financial statements, including cash flow, income statement, and a balance sheet.  Prepare a budget to include short-term and long-term expenditures.

Financial Statements 1. Income Statement 2. Cash Flow Statement 3. Balance Sheet

The Income Statement  Prepared at the end of each month  Tracks income and expenses  Also called a profit and loss statement

Preparing the Income Statement  Sales – how much money the company will be receiving for selling a product  Total Cost of Goods Sold – the cost of making one unit multiplied by the number of units sold  Gross Profit = sales – cost of goods sold  Operating Costs – items that must be paid to operate a business including fixed costs and variable costs (USAIIR)

Preparing the Income Statement  Profit Before Taxes – profit before taxes but after ALL other costs have been paid  Taxes – payments required by federal, state, and local governments based on a business’s profit (sales tax, income tax)  Net Profit or Net Loss – a business’s profit or loss after taxes are paid

Example of an Income Statement Income StatementThe Math Sales$100 (25 ties × $4 per tie = $100) less Total Cost of Goods Sold$50 (25 ties × $2 per tie = $50) Gross Profit$50 ($100 - $50 = $50) less Operating Costs Fixed Costs $24 Variable Costs $0$24 ($24 for flyers) Profit Before Taxes$26 ($50 - $24 = $26) Taxes$6 Net Profit$20 ($26 - $6 = $20)

The Break-Even Analysis  When sales and costs are equal, the total at the bottom of the income statement is zero.  This condition is called the break-even point.  Many new businesses lose money in the beginning, but a business must at least break even to survive.  Businesses must know how many units to sell during a month to cover costs and break even.

Determining the Break-Even Point  Define your unit of sale.  Figure your gross profit per unit. [ Selling Price per Unit – Cost of Goods Soled per Unit = Gross Profit per Unit ]  Calculate break-even units.  Typically calculated assuming all operating costs are fixed. [ Monthly Fixed Costs ÷ Gross Profit per Unit = Break-Even Units ]

Depreciation  If you buy expensive, long-lasting assets, you will want to include depreciation in your income statement.  Depreciation is when a certain portion of the cost of an asset is subtracted each year until the asset’s value reaches zero.

Calculating Depreciation  Hometown Restaurant buys $3,000 worth of tables and chairs that will last approximately 5 years before needing to be replaced.  The income statement shows that $600 is subtracted each year to “save” for the new tables & chairs to be purchased in the future.

Financial Ratio Analysis  Entrepreneurs don’t just look at their income statements… they analyze them by dividing sales into each line item.  Each item can then be expressed as a percentage of sales.  Relating each piece of the income statement to sales will help you notice changes in costs from month to month.

Income Statement for Lola’s Custom Draperies, Inc. March 1999 Sales$85,456100% Cost of Goods Sold Materials Labor 11,550 17,810 less Total Cost of Goods Sold$29,360($11,550 + $17,810)34% Gross Profit$56,096($85,456 - $29,360)65.6% Operating Costs Fixed Costs Factory Rent & Utilities Salaries & Admin Depreciation Variable Costs Sales Commissions $ 8,000 12,000 2,000 8,000 less Total Operating Costs$30,000($8, , , ,000)35% Profit Before Taxes$26,096($56,096 - $28,000)30% Taxes (25%) 6,524($26,096 x 0.25)7.6% Net Profit / Loss$19,572($26,096 - $6, %

Example Income Statement for a Fast-Food Restaurant Sales$2,600,000100% Cost of Goods Sold Food Paper Products $792, ,000 less Total Cost of Goods Sold$900,00035% Gross Profit$1,700,00065% less Total Operating Costs$1,000,00038% Profit$700,00027% Taxes (33%)$233,0009% Net Profit$467,00018%

The Cash Flow Statement  Records inflows and outflows of cash when they actually occur  Takes out sales on credit and depreciation so that business owners can see how much money actually flowed in/out in a month 1. All sources of cash that come into the business with actual dates they are received (receipts) 2. Cash outflows that must be made within the month (disbursements) 3. Net change in cash flow before and after taxes

The Balance Sheet  Prepared at the end of the business’s fiscal year  Usually October 1 to September 30  Based on the Financial Equation 1. Assets – all items of worth owned by the business 2. Liabilities – all debts owed by the business 3. Owner’s Equity – also called capital or net worth; amount left over after liabilities are subtracted from assets

The Financial Equation Assets – Liabilities = Owner’s Equity

Example of a Balance Sheet Hometown Restaurant – Balance Sheet, January 1999 AssetsLiabilities Cash$10,000 Loan (for stove)$5,000 Tables & Chairs3,000 Owner’s Equity11,900 Stove5,000 ($10,000 cash + 3,000 tables & chairs - $1,100 depreciation) Subtotal$18,000 less Depreciation 1,100 Total Assets$16,900Total Liabilities$16,900

Summary  Income Statement  Break-Even Analysis  Financial Ratios  Cash Flow Statement  Balance Sheet