Conservatism and Liberalism Examples of Conservatism that is shaken in Europe. Examples of Conservatism that is shaken in Europe. We have seen the relative success of the conservative order in Europe against the forces of Liberalism We have seen the relative success of the conservative order in Europe against the forces of Liberalism A quick Review: A quick Review:

Conservatism and Liberalism The Habsburgs: Metternich is able to manage the multinational Empire without having any successful movement towards ethnic Autonomy The Habsburgs: Metternich is able to manage the multinational Empire without having any successful movement towards ethnic Autonomy The German Confederation will be the way that Austria controls German states and profits from their economic primacy The German Confederation will be the way that Austria controls German states and profits from their economic primacy

Conservatism and Liberalism Prussia: Frederick William III rescinds his promise of a movement toward Constitutionalism Prussia: Frederick William III rescinds his promise of a movement toward Constitutionalism He also re-establishes the power of the Junker class and they rule the Diets that he had formed He also re-establishes the power of the Junker class and they rule the Diets that he had formed The Carlsbad Decrees are emblematic of the repression of Nationalist and Liberal thinking The Carlsbad Decrees are emblematic of the repression of Nationalist and Liberal thinking

Conservatism and Liberalism Great Britain: Great Britain: The Government favors the wealthy with legislation like the Corn Laws The Government favors the wealthy with legislation like the Corn Laws The Peterloo Massacre leads to the Six Acts The Peterloo Massacre leads to the Six Acts The Six Acts rescind many rights Guaranteed by the Bill of Rights The Six Acts rescind many rights Guaranteed by the Bill of Rights

Conservatism and Liberalism France: France: Bourbon Restoration – The Charter is an attempt to bridge the gains of the Revolution and the rising tide of Monarchism Bourbon Restoration – The Charter is an attempt to bridge the gains of the Revolution and the rising tide of Monarchism Ultraroyalist pressure is displayed in the change in the electoral laws, the censorship of the press and the control of education by the Catholic Church Ultraroyalist pressure is displayed in the change in the electoral laws, the censorship of the press and the control of education by the Catholic Church

Conservatism and Liberalism Conservatism will be institutionalized by the Congress System/Concert of Europe Conservatism will be institutionalized by the Congress System/Concert of Europe The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle brings France back into the fold, and troops are withdrawn by the Big Four The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle brings France back into the fold, and troops are withdrawn by the Big Four Yet, even within the Congress System, there was no sense of unity Yet, even within the Congress System, there was no sense of unity

Conservatism and Liberalism The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe Russia: Decembrist Revolt in 1825 Russia: Decembrist Revolt in 1825 Alexander I – moves away from Enlightenment ideals and suppresses Liberalism and nationalism Alexander I – moves away from Enlightenment ideals and suppresses Liberalism and nationalism Russian officer, exposed to the ideals of France through Napoleons troops, develop more progressive ideals Russian officer, exposed to the ideals of France through Napoleons troops, develop more progressive ideals

Conservatism and Liberalism Secret societies within the Army begin to challenge the Tsars power Secret societies within the Army begin to challenge the Tsars power Abolish Serfdom Abolish Serfdom Constitutional Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy Yet, they wish retain the power of the Aristocracy Yet, they wish retain the power of the Aristocracy

Conservatism and Liberalism Dynastic Crisis Dynastic Crisis Alexander I Dies Alexander I Dies He has no direct heirs He has no direct heirs Brother Constantine marries non royal Brother Constantine marries non royal Nicholas, younger brother, is the new Tsar Both brothers acknowledge the others, and there is a vacuum of leadership Nicholas, younger brother, is the new Tsar Both brothers acknowledge the others, and there is a vacuum of leadership

Conservatism and Liberalism Nicholas eventually gains the support of the Army, and takes over Nicholas eventually gains the support of the Army, and takes over A pledge of loyalty is made to the Tsar Nicholas, but the Moscow regiment, loyal to Constantine, refuse to recognize Nicolas A pledge of loyalty is made to the Tsar Nicholas, but the Moscow regiment, loyal to Constantine, refuse to recognize Nicolas This is the Decembrist Revolt, and Nicholas puts it down brutally This is the Decembrist Revolt, and Nicholas puts it down brutally

Conservatism and Liberalism Nicholas reverts to Autocracy after the revolt, but the revolt will be one of many against the Tsar’s Nicholas reverts to Autocracy after the revolt, but the revolt will be one of many against the Tsar’s Nicholas is the typical conservative who recognizes the need for change but cannot let go of traditional social and economic institutions…like serfdom Nicholas is the typical conservative who recognizes the need for change but cannot let go of traditional social and economic institutions…like serfdom Secret police and censorship were also advocated Secret police and censorship were also advocated

Conservatism and Liberalism Official “Russian” Nationality pressed for a unified Russia…which meant refusal of acceptance of ethnic diversity Official “Russian” Nationality pressed for a unified Russia…which meant refusal of acceptance of ethnic diversity Religious control of Schools Religious control of Schools Enforced lack of social mobility Enforced lack of social mobility Only the Autonomy of the Tsars was seen as possibility of success for the people Only the Autonomy of the Tsars was seen as possibility of success for the people

Conservatism and Liberalism Russia and the Repression of Poland Russia and the Repression of Poland Russian rules Poland under the Tsar’s control Russian rules Poland under the Tsar’s control News of the Nationalist revolts in France and Belgium (1830) spur disturbances in Poland News of the Nationalist revolts in France and Belgium (1830) spur disturbances in Poland Poland “disposes” of the Tsar as ruler of Poland Poland “disposes” of the Tsar as ruler of Poland Russia represses the revolt Russia represses the revolt

Conservatism and Liberalism The French “Revolution” of 1830 The French “Revolution” of 1830 Louis Brother, and Ultraroyalist, takes the throne after Louis dies in 1824 Louis Brother, and Ultraroyalist, takes the throne after Louis dies in 1824 Charles X will be a reactionary against the gains of the revolution Charles X will be a reactionary against the gains of the revolution As he rescinds many of the gains of the Revolution, another revolt will be caused As he rescinds many of the gains of the Revolution, another revolt will be caused

Conservatism and Liberalism Aristocrats are to be returned land lost during the Revolution Aristocrats are to be returned land lost during the Revolution Primogeniture is restored Primogeniture is restored Strengthens the Catholic Church Strengthens the Catholic Church There is a liberal resurgence in the elections of 1827, but Charles will eventually call for new elections in 1830 to get his Chamber of Deputies back on a conservative track There is a liberal resurgence in the elections of 1827, but Charles will eventually call for new elections in 1830 to get his Chamber of Deputies back on a conservative track

Conservatism and Liberalism 1830 – Elections are a victory for the liberals 1830 – Elections are a victory for the liberals Charles issues the Four Ordinances in July of 1830 – based on the Monarchical victories in North Africa Charles issues the Four Ordinances in July of 1830 – based on the Monarchical victories in North Africa These ordinances were effectively a coup taking over the Government These ordinances were effectively a coup taking over the Government

Conservatism and Liberalism Four Ordinances: Four Ordinances: Restrict freedom of the press Restrict freedom of the press Dissolves the Liberal Chamber of Deputies Dissolves the Liberal Chamber of Deputies Restricts the franchise to only the wealthiest Restricts the franchise to only the wealthiest Calls for new elections to stack the govt in the monarchies favor Calls for new elections to stack the govt in the monarchies favor This is the so-called “July Revolution” This is the so-called “July Revolution”

Conservatism and Liberalism Troops are called to put down popular rebellion, and Charles X actually Abdicates and exiles himself to England Troops are called to put down popular rebellion, and Charles X actually Abdicates and exiles himself to England Charles might have been successful if he had proper troop placement in Paris Charles might have been successful if he had proper troop placement in Paris Yet the liberals did not want a republic and wanted to avoid the chaos of post-1792 France Yet the liberals did not want a republic and wanted to avoid the chaos of post-1792 France

Conservatism and Liberalism Louis Philippe and the “New France” Louis Philippe and the “New France” He become the King of the French He become the King of the French The tri-color is re-established The tri-color is re-established Catholicism was scaled back Catholicism was scaled back Censorship was abolished Censorship was abolished The King was bound to cooperate with the Chamber of Deputies The King was bound to cooperate with the Chamber of Deputies Yet, it remained a very conservative Country economically Yet, it remained a very conservative Country economically

Conservatism and Liberalism Yet… Yet… No sympathy for the working classes No sympathy for the working classes No job protection or wage control No job protection or wage control

Conservatism and Liberalism Britain the the Great Reform Bill Britain the the Great Reform Bill Parliamentary elections in 1829 began a call for some manner of reform Parliamentary elections in 1829 began a call for some manner of reform Here we will see more cooperation between the calls for reform and those who seek to maintain the status quo Here we will see more cooperation between the calls for reform and those who seek to maintain the status quo Why the accession to reform? Why the accession to reform? Why is Britain “ready” for Reform? Why is Britain “ready” for Reform?

Conservatism and Liberalism The Growth of the Industrial class and the commercial class meant that government would have to deal with them The Growth of the Industrial class and the commercial class meant that government would have to deal with them Whig aristocrats had, historically been in favor of reform Whig aristocrats had, historically been in favor of reform Civil Liberties, violated by previous administrations, would not be tolerated forever Civil Liberties, violated by previous administrations, would not be tolerated forever

Conservatism and Liberalism Catholic Emancipation Act: = Fear of an Irish Rebellion William Pitt the Younger gets the Act of Union Passed Catholic Emancipation Act: = Fear of an Irish Rebellion William Pitt the Younger gets the Act of Union Passed Ireland gets 100 reps in the Parliament, (but they are Protestant only), to represent the Catholic Majority Ireland gets 100 reps in the Parliament, (but they are Protestant only), to represent the Catholic Majority This, of course, will engender even more Irish resistance This, of course, will engender even more Irish resistance

Conservatism and Liberalism Irish Resistance leads to a concession to Parliamentary Representation by Irish Catholics Irish Resistance leads to a concession to Parliamentary Representation by Irish Catholics Robert Peel pushes Catholic Emancipation in 1828 Robert Peel pushes Catholic Emancipation in 1828 Yet, Wellington received much resistance from the Anglican Tories Yet, Wellington received much resistance from the Anglican Tories

Conservatism and Liberalism Change through Legislation Change through Legislation The Great Reform Bill The Great Reform Bill Increases the size of the electorate…but… Increases the size of the electorate…but… It increases the number of voters by 200,000 It increases the number of voters by 200,000 But, property was still determining the franchise But, property was still determining the franchise It was not a triumph of the Middle Class It was not a triumph of the Middle Class