Entrainment Rate in Shallow Cumuli : Probabilistic Distribution and Dependence on Dry Air Sources: The rate of cloud engulfing dry air (entrainment rate) has proven to be one of the strongest controls on the climate sensitivity of climate models; it is also one of the least understood problem in convection parameterization. Studies on the dependence of entrainment rate on dry air sources and on the probability density function of entrainment range from rare to none. To fill these two gaps, DOE scientists at the Brookhaven National Laboratory have applied the approach for estimating entrainment rate recently developed by the same group to the cumulus cloud data collected during the Routine AAF [Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Aerial Facility] Clouds with Low Optical Water Depths (CLOWD) Optical Radiative Observations (RACORO) field campaign. The results were used to empirically examine, for the first time, probability density function of entrainment rate and the dependence of entrainment rate on the distance from the edge of the cloud core from which the dry air is entrained. It is found that the entrainment rate decreases when the dry air is entrained from increasing distance from the edge of the cloud core. Probability density functions of entrainment rate vary with the distance and height above the cloud-base, and all are well fitted by lognormal distributions. The results have important implications for convection parameterizations in large scale models. Reference: Lu, C., Y. Liu, S. Niu, and A. M. Vogelmann (2012), Lateral entrainment rate in shallow cumuli: Dependence on dry air sources and probability density functions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L20812, doi: /2012GL Contact: Dorothy Koch, SC23.1,

2 Motivation ● As one of the strongest controls on the climate sensitivity of climate models, entrainment rate estimation depends on the assumed dry air sources but related studies are rare; studies on the probability density function of entrainment rate are lacking as well. Approach ● Entrainment rate in cloud cores is estimated by applying the new approach recently developed at BNL to in situ aircraft measurements collected from the cumulus clouds during the RACORO field program. Result ● Entrainment rate decreases when the dry air is entrained from increasing distance from the edge of the cloud core. Probability density functions of entrainment rate vary with distances and vertically, and can be fitted with lognormal distributions. Dependence of Entrainment Rate on Dry Air Sources and Probability Density Function in Shallow Cumuli Lu, C., Y. Liu, S. Niu, and A. M. Vogelmann (2012), Lateral entrainment rate in shallow cumuli: Dependence on dry air sources and probability density functions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L20812, doi: /2012GL Probability density functions (PDFs) of entrainment rate (λ) for different dry air sources in eight cumulus flights. (a-h) the dry air is assumed to be from D to 2D away from the edge of the cloud core; (i) the dry air properties are assumed from aircraft vertical sounding at the cloud penetration level. The λ bin width for the PDFs is 0.5 km -1. Each panel provides the coefficient of determination (R 2 ), the mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ) of ln(λ) and a plot of lognormal fit.