Infrared measurements from the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) on GOES-R UW-Madison James J. Gurka Office of System Development (OSD) NOAA/NESDIS Jun W. Paul Menzel #, Timothy J. Schmit #, and many CIMSS #NOAA/NESDIS/STAR 2nd Annual AMS Symposium Future National Operational Environmental Satellites Feb 1, 2006 Atlanta, GA

Infrared measurements from the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) on GOES-R UW-Madison Heritage Sounders (GOES, NAST-I, IMG, AIRS, GIFTS) Hyperspectral Environmental Suite Dealing with Clouds Using ABI in tandem Summary 2nd Annual AMS Symposium Future National Operational Environmental Satellites Feb 1, 2006 Atlanta, GA

The road to HES-IR VAS (1980-) GOES Sounder (1994-) GIFTS (2009?) (12) (18) (~1600) HES (2012+) time VTPR, HIRS (1972, 1978-) CrIS (2009-) IASI (2005-) AIRS (2003-) HIS (1986-) IRIS (1969) (~2400) (~8500) IMG (1997) NAST-I (1998-) (~1300) (~8600) (~23000) HES will be the first operational high spectral, spatial and temporal resolution instrument

Current GOES sounder obtains 18 broad spectral IR bands

Significant Findings from GOES-R Sounder OSSE Two polar orbiting interferometers (Leo) do not provide the temporal coverage to sustain forecast improvement out to 12 hours. Only the hourly Geo-Increased Spectral Resolution Sounder (Geo-I) observations depict moisture changes well enough for forecast benefit. OSSE 12 hr assimilation followed by 12 hr forecast

Guess CIMSS Physical Guess CIMSS Physical Inversion

Inferring surface properties with AIRS high spectral resolution data Barren region detection if T1086 < T981 T(981 cm -1 )-T(1086 cm -1 ) T(1086 cm -1 ) Barren vs Water/Vegetated AIRS data from 14 June 2002

Hyperspectral Dust/Aerosol Modeling kCARTA+DISORT, spectral resolution = cm -1 Negative slope Effect of Dust Particle Sizes Effect of Dust Layer Location Green – Clear Spectrum Negative Slope 880 to 920 cm-1– The Dust Signature

10 May 2003 (1554 UT) Anatahan Volcano viewed with AIRS SO 2 signal cm -1 Ash signal cm -1 Anatahan Abs Scat Tot Tobin, CIMSS, 2004

Isabel Eye Sounding from AIRS Eye Sounding Environment Sounding Eye - Environment Temperature Integrate Hydrostatic Equation Downward from 100 hPa to Surface Environment Sounding: P s = 1012 hPa Eye Sounding: P s = 936 hPa Aircraft Recon: P s = 933 hPa DeMaria, CIRA, 2004

Infrared measurements from the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) on GOES-R UW-Madison Heritage Sounders Hyperspectral Environmental Suite Dealing with Clouds Using ABI in tandem Summary 2nd Annual AMS Symposium Future National Operational Environmental Satellites Feb 1, 2006 Atlanta, GA

Future GOES Future GOES will address all four key remote sensing areas * spatial resolution – what picture element size is required to identify feature of interest and to capture its spatial variability; * spectral coverage and resolution – what part of EM spectrum at each spatial element should be measured, and with what spectral resolution, to analyze an atmospheric or surface parameter; * temporal resolution – how often does feature of interest need to be observed; and * radiometric resolution – what signal to noise is required and how accurate does an observation need to be.

Sounder Comparison (GOES-Current to HES-Req) Coverage RateCONUS/hrSounding Disk/hr Horizontal Resolution - Sampling Distance10 km km - Individual Sounding30-50 km10 km Vertical resolution~3 km 1 km Accuracy Temperature2 deg. K 1 deg. K Relative Humidity20%10% CurrentRequirement

Surface Emissivity Surface Albedo Vegetation Fraction Vegetation Index Sea & Lake Ice / Displacement & Direction Sea & Lake Ice / Age Sea & Lake Ice / Concentration Sea & Lake Ice / Extent & Characterization Sea & Lake Ice / Surface Temp Currents Ocean Color Ocean Optical Properties Ocean Turbidity Sea & Lake Ice / Extent & Edge Sea & Lake Ice / Motion Sea & Lake Ice / Thickness Ice Cover / Landlocked Snow Cover Snow Depth Sea Surface Temps Energetic Heavy Ions Solar & Galactic Protons Solar Flux: EUV Mag Electrons & Protons: Low Energy Solar Flux: X-Ray Mag Electrons & Protons: Med & High Energy Solar Imagery: X-Ray Derived Stability Indices Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Profile Rainfall Potential Dust/Aerosol Probability of Rainfall Rainfall Rate Atmospheric Vertical Moisture Profile Capping Inversion Information Moisture Flux Total Precipitable Water Total Water Content Pressure Profile Downward Solar Insolation CO Concentration Upward Longwave Radiation Ozone Total Downward Longwave Radiation Radiances Absorbed Shortwave Radiation Reflected Solar Insolation Fire / Hot Spot Imagery Flood / Standing Water Microburst Wind Speed Potential Derived Motion Winds SO 2 Detection Land Surface (Skin) Temperature Clear Sky Masks GOES-R Observational Requirements ABI – Advanced Baseline Imager HES – Hyperspectral Environmental Suite SEISS – Space Env. In-Situ Suite SIS – Solar Instrument Suite GLM – GOES Lightning Mapper Magnetometer Aerosol Detection Aerosol Particle Size Suspended Matter Volcanic Ash Aircraft Icing Threat Cloud & Moisture Imagery Cloud Imagery Cloud Layers / Heights & Thickness Cloud Particle Size Distribution Cloud Base Height Cloud Ice Water Path Cloud Liquid Water Cloud Optical Depth Cloud Top Phase Cloud Top Height Cloud Top Pressure Cloud Type Cloud Top Temperature Enhanced "V"/Overshooting Top Detection Hurricane Intensity Convection Initiation Imagery: All-Weather / Day - Night Lightning Detection Low Cloud & Fog Turbulence Visibility Geomagnetic Field 14

HES-IR Tasks HES - Disk Sounding (HES-DS) –Provide vertical moisture and temperature information, and other environmental data that will be used by NOAA and other public and private agencies to produce routine meteorological analyses and forecasts –Provide data that may be used to extend knowledge and understanding of the atmosphere and its processes in order to improve short/long-term weather forecasts. HES - Severe Weather / Mesoscale (HES-SW/M) –Provide environmental data that can be used to expand knowledge of mesoscale and synoptic scale storm development and provide data that may be used to help in forecasting severe weather events. –1000 x 1000 km in less than 5 minutes

Targeted observations -- look where we need the information UW/NOAA HES

Moisture Weighting Functions Pressure (hPa) Advanced Sounder GOES (18) UW/CIMSS High spectral resolution advanced sounder will have more and sharper weighting functions compared to current GOES sounder. Retrievals will have better vertical resolution.

GOES-R / MTG IR sounder spectral coverage considerations Spectral coverage details are not yet fully defined.

spectral coverage spectral resolution HES 6 bands (red): LWCO2[ ](0.625) + LWW[ ](0.625) + SWW[ ](0.625) + LWH2O[ ](1.25) + SWH2O[ ](1.25) + SWCO2[ ](2.5) CrIS (blue): LW[ ](0.625) + MW[ ](1.25) + SW[ ](2.5) GIFTS (green): LW[ ](0.625) + SW[ ](0.625) HES 3 bands (black):LWW[ ](0.625) + LWH2O[ ](0.625) + SWCO2[ ](2.5)

Infrared measurements from the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) on GOES-R UW-Madison Heritage Sounders Hyperspectral Environmental Suite Dealing with Clouds Using ABI in tandem Summary 2nd Annual AMS Symposium Future National Operational Environmental Satellites Feb 1, 2006 Atlanta, GA

AIRS cm -1 1km MODIS classification mask superimposed to AIRS footprints F3: Thick ice clouds

Profile Retrievals in Cirrus Clouds with NAST-I NASA SRL data May 30, 2002 (19.5 – 23 UT) (37.8N, 100W) Aerosol Backscatter Thin cirrus produces little effect on retrieval May 30, 2002 o o GOES IR (2208UT) o SRL Flight Track GOES IR (2208UT) o GOES Visible (2208 UT) Flight Track

Infrared measurements from the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) on GOES-R UW-Madison Heritage Sounders Hyperspectral Environmental Suite Dealing with Clouds Using ABI in tandem Summary 2nd Annual AMS Symposium Future National Operational Environmental Satellites Feb 1, 2006 Atlanta, GA

Improved products will be realized from combinations of ABI and HES (Hyperspectral Environmental Suite) data (IR and Visible/near IR on the HES-Coastal Water)! ABI HES Surface emissivity Spectral coverage Spectral resolution Temporal resolution Spatial resolution Cloud masking

Using ABI for HES cloud-clearing ABI and HES see the same IR spectral regions ABI can be used for QC on HES cloud- cleared radiances and sounding retrieval

Aqua MODIS IR SRF Overlay on AIRS Spectrum Direct spectral relationship between IR MODIS and AIRS provides unique application of MODIS in AIRS cloud_clearing !

Optimal imager/sounder cloud-clearing Methodology (Li et al. 2005; IEEE Trans. On Geoscience and Remote sensing, June issue). N * is solved from 9 MODIS band (22, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34) are used (1)CCR is obtained on single footprint basis (3 by 3 box moves by single footprint (2)MODIS clear radiances are used for QC

AIRS clear (13.5 km) AIRS clear + CC-S (13.5 km) MODIS clear (1 km)

Infrared measurements from the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) on GOES-R UW-Madison Heritage Sounders Hyperspectral Environmental Suite Dealing with Clouds Using ABI in tandem Summary 2nd Annual AMS Symposium Future National Operational Environmental Satellites Feb 1, 2006 Atlanta, GA

GOES-R HES temporal (hourly), spectral (~1 cm-1), spatial (4-10 km), & radiometric (~0.1 K) capabilities will * depict water vapor as never before by identifying small scale features of moisture vertically and horizontally in the atmosphere * track atmospheric motions much better by discriminating more levels of motion and assigning heights more accurately * characterize life cycle of clouds (cradle to grave) and identify cloud particle sizes (useful for radiative effects of clouds) * measure surface temperatures (land and sea) by accounting for emissivity effects (improved SSTs useful for sea level altimetry applications)

Summary * GOES Sounder utilization is still evolving; there is another decade of opportunity * Excellent data sets are being gathered to facilitate hyperspectral sounder science and algorithm development (GOES-R3 & GOES AWG) * The right balance of spatial, temporal, spectral, and radiometric capabilities must be specified * Combination of ABI and HES will give new and improved products

More information… NASA’s (draft) HES PORD ( PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENT ): GOES-R Program Office Portal: CIMSS page: