Chapter 2 Health During Infancy Child Hood Dr. Areefa Albahri

Health as defined by the world health organization (WHO) is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or deformity. Health as defined by the world health organization (WHO) is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or deformity.  One method of assessing the health of children within a country is to observe the rates of mortality (deaths) and morbidity (illness) over a period of time. This gives information about:  One method of assessing the health of children within a country is to observe the rates of mortality (deaths) and morbidity (illness) over a period of time. This gives information about: 1. Causes of deaths. 1. Causes of deaths. 2. High risk age group for certain disorders or hazards. 2. High risk age group for certain disorders or hazards. 3. Advances in treatments and prevention and health counseling. 3. Advances in treatments and prevention and health counseling.

Pediatric statistics Pediatric statistics Mortality: Statistics describe the incidence or number of individuals who have died over a specific period of time. Per 100,000 calculate from a sample of death certificate. Mortality: Statistics describe the incidence or number of individuals who have died over a specific period of time. Per 100,000 calculate from a sample of death certificate. Incidence: is the number of new cases of a condition, symptom, death, or injury that develop during a specific time period, such as a year. The number is often expressed as a percentage of a population. For example, 25% of Palestinians were diagnosed with the flu in Incidence: is the number of new cases of a condition, symptom, death, or injury that develop during a specific time period, such as a year. The number is often expressed as a percentage of a population. For example, 25% of Palestinians were diagnosed with the flu in Infant mortality rate : Defined as the number of deaths per 1000 live births during the first year of life in a certain year. Infant mortality rate : Defined as the number of deaths per 1000 live births during the first year of life in a certain year.

Pediatric STATISTICS Pediatric STATISTICS Infant Mortality Rate: divided into: Infant Mortality Rate: divided into: - Neonate mortality: birth - 28 days. - Neonate mortality: birth - 28 days. - Postnatal mortality 1 month - 12 months - Postnatal mortality 1 month - 12 months There is a dramatic decrease in infant mortality rate resulted from: There is a dramatic decrease in infant mortality rate resulted from: Infectious disease control. Infectious disease control. Nutritional advances. Nutritional advances. The advert of antibiotic and antimicrobial agents. The advert of antibiotic and antimicrobial agents. Recent improvements in perinatal care. Recent improvements in perinatal care.

In Palestine: In Palestine: The data of the annual report of the Ministry of Health 2007 states that the main leading causes of infant mortality is respiratory diseases. Others including infections (34.7%), low birth weight births (13.4%), congenital abnormalities (16.1%, and sudden death (4.3%). While congenital abnormalities constitute the major cause for child mortality (under five) followed by pre-birth related complications. The data of the annual report of the Ministry of Health 2007 states that the main leading causes of infant mortality is respiratory diseases. Others including infections (34.7%), low birth weight births (13.4%), congenital abnormalities (16.1%, and sudden death (4.3%). While congenital abnormalities constitute the major cause for child mortality (under five) followed by pre-birth related complications. The number of deaths occurring in the first year of life is still high when compared with death rates at other ages. The number of deaths occurring in the first year of life is still high when compared with death rates at other ages. Under Five Years Child Mortality Rate: The number of death cases among children (aged less than five years) per 1,000 children in the age group 0 – 4 during a certain year. Under Five Years Child Mortality Rate: The number of death cases among children (aged less than five years) per 1,000 children in the age group 0 – 4 during a certain year. Childhood mortality: beyond infancy. Childhood mortality: beyond infancy.

Causes of Deaths:- Causes of Deaths:- 1. Infants: a. Prenatal conditions such as a. Prenatal conditions such as Aspiration of amniotic fluids (pneumonia or suffocation). Aspiration of amniotic fluids (pneumonia or suffocation). Cord around the neck. Cord around the neck. Difficulty labor: vacuum delivery and forceps delivery. Difficulty labor: vacuum delivery and forceps delivery. b. Congenital anomalies:- b. Congenital anomalies:- Tetralogy of fallout. Tetralogy of fallout. Tracheoesophageal fistula Tracheoesophageal fistula Hydrocephally. Hydrocephally. c. Infection and sepsis. c. Infection and sepsis.

2. Childhood:- Accidents - Cancers - Congenital anomalies (cystic fibrosis, thalassemia). Accidents - Cancers - Congenital anomalies (cystic fibrosis, thalassemia). Infection mainly respiratory tract and gastrointestinal infections - Malnutrition. Infection mainly respiratory tract and gastrointestinal infections - Malnutrition. 3. Adolescence:- accidents and suicide. Morbidity: Statistics describe the prevalence of a specific illness in the population at a particular time (rate/1000). Morbidity: Statistics describe the prevalence of a specific illness in the population at a particular time (rate/1000). Prevalence: The ratio (for a given time period) of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the population. Prevalence: The ratio (for a given time period) of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the population.

Child morbidity: Child morbidity:  Acute illness, symptoms sever enough to limit activity or require medical attention. It can be classified to acute illness (respiratory, infections, injuries) or chronic illness or disability.  Acute illness, symptoms sever enough to limit activity or require medical attention. It can be classified to acute illness (respiratory, infections, injuries) or chronic illness or disability. The new morbidity or pediatric social illnesses which include behavioral, psychosocial and educational problems (poverty, violence, school failure). The new morbidity or pediatric social illnesses which include behavioral, psychosocial and educational problems (poverty, violence, school failure).  Injury related morbidity, intentional such as suicide, and unintentional (poisoning, falls, fire, accidents  Injury related morbidity, intentional such as suicide, and unintentional (poisoning, falls, fire, accidents

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