3-4 Changes in the Nucleus

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Presentation transcript:

3-4 Changes in the Nucleus

Nuclear Reactions Changes do occur in the nucleus. Called a nuclear reaction Changes the composition of an atoms nucleus Alpha and beta radiation comes from the nucleus.

Nuclear Stability Very few atoms are radioactive The question is WHY are some unstable. Has to do with number of protons and neutrons Not all combinations are stable

You would think positively charged protons would repel each other in a nucleus. An attractive force holds together the protons and overcomes the electric force Called STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE Only significant with subatomic particles See Figure 3-27 pg. 112 in book

Neutrons, which experience no electric charge, do experience the strong nuclear force The presence of neutrons seems to hold together the nucleus.

Composition of Stable Nuclei As the number of protons increases, it takes more and more neutrons to remain stable. All atoms above 83 are unstable

Types of Radioactive Decay Alpha Radiation- Stream of high energy alpha particles. Consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons Identical to a helium-4 nucleus Symbol 42He2+ or 42He or 42 Do not cause a health risk Do not travel far

. Beta Radiation- a stream of high speed electrons A neutron changes into a proton and electron The proton stays in the nucleus The electron is propelled out at high speed Symbol of 0-1e- or 0-1e or 0-1 Note – the 0 should be above the –1 Is damaging to skin

Gamma radiation – Extremely energetic form of light energy we can not see Symbolized by 00 Does not consist of particles Able to penetrate deeply into substances

Types of Radiation Name Identity Charge Pen. Ability Alpha () Helium-4 nuclei 2+ Low Beta () Electron 1- Medium Gamma () High energy particle None high

When an atom emits one of these, it is said to be undergoing radioactive decay Which brings us to the nuclear equation, or a way to keep track of the components

Alpha Decay

Beta Decay

In any radioactive decay, the sums of the mass numbers and the atomic numbers are the same before and after the reaction

Practice Problems Write the nuclear equation for the alpha decay of uranium 238. Write a nuclear equation for the beta decay of sodium 24

Other Nuclear Reactions Nuclear Fusion Atoms collide and join together releasing great amounts of energy Like in the Sun Nuclear Fission Splitting the nuclei of large atoms Like in Nuclear reactors