The science of naming and classifying organisms Taxonomy The science of naming and classifying organisms Chapter 17

Carl Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system. uses Latin words scientific names always written in italics or underlined two parts are the genus name and species descriptor

Tyto alba and Quercus alba Are these species related?

Barn owl: Tyto alba White oak: Quercus alba

A genus includes one or more physically similar species. Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related. Genus name is always capitalized. A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name. always lowercase always follows genus name; never written alone

Ursus maritimus Ursus maritimus Ursus arctos horribilis (horribilis is the subspecies)

Match the Latin names with the descriptions Big-horned sheep from Canada Bird with blue-green wings House sparrow Tree with large flowers Plant that has flower with six petals Cyanopica cyana Passer domesticus Ludwigia hexapetala Ovis canadensis (e) Magnolia grandiflora

Scientific names help scientists to communicate. Some species have very similar common names. Some species have many common names.

Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels.

How can you remember these levels? Kingdom __________ Phylum __________ Class __________ Order __________ Family __________ Genus __________ Species __________

Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species. evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data shown with branching tree diagrams

derived traits are shown with numbers 1-4 - organisms are shown with letters A-D

Sample Cladogram

1) Which traits do the Sinornis and Velociraptor share? 2) Which animal has arms as long as legs? 3) Does the Allosaurus have down feathers?

Make a cladogram for quarter, dime, nickel, penny

Make a cladogram Alligator: amniotic egg, bones, four limbs, jaws, vertebrae Frog: bones, four limbs, jaws, vertebrae Gull: amniotic egg, bones, feathers, four limbs, jaws, vertebrae Lamprey: vertebrae Shark: jaws, vertebrae Swordfish: bones, jaws, vertebrae

Dichotomous keys

1 a) oval leaf: go to 2 b) lobed leaf: go to 5 2 a) leaf w/smooth edge: go to 3 b) leaf w/serrate or “sawtooth” edge: go to 4 3 a) leaf 10 to 15 cm long. . . . . magnolia b) leaf 4 to 7 cm long . . . . . . . common pear 4 a) leaf 10 to 15 cm long . . . . Spanish chestnut b) leaf 4 to 7 cm long . . . . . . white elm 5 a) four or five lobes: go to 6 b) many lobes: go to 7

1 a) oval leaf: go to 2 b) lobed leaf: go to 5 2 a) leaf w/smooth edge: go to 3 b) leaf w/serrate or “sawtooth” edge: go to 4 3 a) leaf 10 to 15 cm long . . . . . magnolia b) leaf 4 to 7 cm long . . . . . common pear 4 a) leaf 10 to 15 cm long . . . . . Spanish chestnut b) leaf 4 to 7 cm long . . . . . white elm 5 a) four or five lobes: go to 6 b) more than 5 lobes: go to 7

6 a) four pointy lobes . . . . . tulip tree b) five pointy lobes: go to 8 7 a) lobes pointy . . . . . red oak b) lobes rounded . . . English oak 8 a) star-shaped leaf . . . . sweetgum tree b) leaf not star-shaped . . . Japanese maple

Common Latin noun endings -a, -us, -um, -ae, -i, -is, -o

Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time. Mutations add up at a constant rate in related species. As more time passes, there will be more mutations. Mutations add up at a fairly constant rate in the DNA of species that evolved from a common ancestor. Ten million years later— one mutation in each lineage Another ten million years later— one more mutation in each lineage The DNA sequences from two descendant species show mutations that have accumulated (black). The mutation rate of this sequence equals one mutation per ten million years. DNA sequence from a hypothetical ancestor

Mitochondrial DNA is used to study closely related species. mutation rate ten times faster than nuclear DNA passed down unshuffled from mother to offspring grandparents parents child Nuclear DNA is inherited from both parents, making it more difficult to trace back through generations. Mitochondrial DNA is passed down only from the mother of each generation,so it is not subject to recombination. mitochondrial DNA nuclear DNA

Mitochondrial DNA

Evidence for molecular clock in Hemoglobin Quoll = Large carnivorous marsupial

The current tree of life has three domains.

Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia Plantae

Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Protista

Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Protista Plantae 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera Monera

Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Protista Plantae Animalia 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera Fungi 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom Monera

Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Protista Fungi Plantae 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera Archea Bacteria 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom 1977: kingdom Monera split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea

The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Domains are above the kingdom level. proposed by Carl Woese based on rRNA studies of prokaryotes domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity

Domain Bacteria includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria. one of largest groups on Earth classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused

Domain Archaea includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea. cell walls chemically different from bacteria known for living in extreme environments

Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista

Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista kingdom Plantae

Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista kingdom Plantae kingdom Fungi

Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista kingdom Plantae kingdom Fungi kingdom Animalia

http://www.peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/treeoflife/films.html