Distribution Efficiency Initiative: Calculator Review April 29, 2008 Regional Technical Forum

Overview Calculator Input & Output Review DEI Measure Life Develop 3 New Load Shapes – I 2 R Losses – Transformer No-Load Losses – Delivered Energy Reduction Savings

Where the Savings are Expected to Come From Source: NEEA DEI Project Final Report by RW Beck page B-23

Calculator Overview Calculator Inputs Pre & Post Conditions – Load Types (heating system types, etc.) – Line Info (length, type, etc.) – Regulator Info – Load Info (kW, PF, Annual Energy etc.) – Equipment (Capacitors, Transformers) Costs – Materials – Labor Calculator Outputs Savings – I2R Losses Balanced losses Unbalanced losses – Transformer No-load Losses – Delivered Energy Reduction Economics – Utility B/C and Payback

Calculator Primary Issues Calculator Does Not Output – Substation Power Transformer Losses Approx. 33% of the savings – Secondary Line Losses Approx. 3% of the savings – I 2 R Loss Calculation may need revision Does not output negative savings when voltage reduction is the only measure TRC Analysis Added to Calculator – O&M Costs Input – TRC Analysis Output

What’s the Measure Life 15 years for all? Savings Mechanism Voltage Regulation – LDC using LTC or Voltage Regulator Substation Bus (control setting) Each Feeder (control setting) – End of Line feedback Substation Bus (device, override?) Each Feeder (device, override?) Equipment Upgrades – Capacitor Banks (device, 10 year life?) – Transformers (device) Phase Balancing (maintenance?) Line Voltage Regulators (device) Reconductoring Current assumption is 15 years. Some components last about 10 years (capacitor banks) Much of the savings rely on maintaining improved control practices over time, rather than installing more efficient equipment. Calculator does not allow for varying measure life by component.

Reminder: Load Research – Home Voltage Regulators on 395 homes Pilot Demonstration – Various DEI measures on 10 substations (31 feeders) DEI Study had two monitoring components

∆kW from Load Research (NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY ALLIANCE DISTRIBUTION EFFICIENCY INITIATIVE PROJECT FINAL REPORT by RW Beck)

Delivered Energy Savings Shape Result: Load Factor: 0.68 Coincident Factor: 0.39

∆V from Load Research

I 2 R Loss Load Shape ∆I 2 R proxy =(kW pre /V pre ) 2 – (kW post /V post ) 2 Result (negative savings): Load Factor: 0.29 Coincident Factor: 0.15

Transformer No-load Loss Savings Shape = FLAT (LF 1.00, CF 0.68) ∆V From Pilot Project:

Pro Cost => Regional NPV (Based on 15 year measure life) Savings MechanismTotal Value to Region I2R Losses $0.64/kWh Transformer No-load $0.55/kWh Delivered Energy Reduction $0.57/kWh

Issues with these Load Shapes Averaged seasonal shapes – Do not take weekend/weekday into account – Peaks are hidden in the averaging ∆V will be less during peak loading conditions Delivered Energy Savings Shape – Delta kW from HVR’s is different than delta kW from a change in LTC settings at the bus/feeder – Heating/Cooling system type is averaged for the region I2R loss savings shape is complex – This load shape is based solely on a system voltage reduction – Savings could also come from: Phase balancing (shape?) PF correction (shape?) Transformer No-Load Loss Savings Shape – Need Pilot Demonstration data to determine how different it is from flat

Questions for RTF What is needed for approval of the calculator? – Add output for substation power transformer? Secondary line losses? – I 2 R revision? – Should there be any additional requirements for users (Training or Oversight)? What should the measure life(s) be? Is load shape analysis on the right track? – Pursue 8760 data (Pilot Demonstration and Load Research) for better load shape analysis? Delivered Energy Savings Shape will be based on Load Research 8760 data (∆kW) – Depending on results, may have multiple load shapes for different mixes of heating system types I 2 R Energy Savings Shape will be based on??? Transformer No-Load Loss Saving Shape will be based on Pilot Demo 8760 data (∆V)